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5 Risk Assessment: Incorporating ChemicalMicrobiome Interactions
Pages 71-83

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From page 71...
... It is reasonable sessment (NRC 2009) provides widely accepted to hypothesize that adequate consideration of the guidance on ensuring the scientific adequacy of roles of human microbiomes will improve under- risk assessments and their utility for decision-makstanding of the health risks posed by exposures to ing.
From page 72...
... describe velopment and effects on the immune, nervous, the optimal evaluation and use of data that often and endocrine systems. Epidemiology studies contain inconsistencies and that require proper have contributed valuable information on some treatment of uncertainty in extrapolation of results important environmental pollutants; often, they from animal or human studies of limited scope to are based on exposures in occupational settings.
From page 73...
... . search with environmental chemicals and pharma Exposure science, essential for understanding ceuticals has shown that the microbiome can alter human health risk, has undergone remarkable ad- internal exposures to some chemicals by, for exvances in the last few decades (NRC 2012; NAS- ample, transforming a chemical to a more or less EM 2017)
From page 74...
... For example, the mode of exposure of research animals In considering how the interactions between could affect the microbiome in ways that influence environmental chemicals and the human microrisk in humans and animals differently; a gavage biome might influence human health risk, proper dose administered as a bolus, even when equiva- characterization of exposures plays a central role. lent in milligrams per kilogram per day, might af- As defined by Zartarian et al.
From page 75...
... The alteration man microbiome. Similarly, exposure science has of the chemical might influence the associated risk emphasized the use of information on exposures for many reasons, for example, by changing the to environmental chemicals to support quantita- rate of uptake across the body's tissues, influenctive assessments of the associated human health ing chemical fate within the body, and changing risks (Fenske 2010)
From page 76...
... . Historically important concerns about microbiota in the upper airways in a manner that formaldehyde exposure have been associated with materially influences associated health risks, conthe use of a spray-foam insulation material in the sidering both irritancy responses associated with 1970s (L'Abbé and Hoey 1984)
From page 77...
... Reuptake and thereby influence risk through chemi- cent animal studies indicate that triclosan exposure cal conversion of the diesters to monoesters. can affect the gut microbiome.
From page 78...
... Arsenic risk assessments have been based parthealth risks posed by exposures to environmental ly on epidemiology studies conducted in multiple chemicals. Two examples are discussed briefly countries, including Taiwan, Chile, Argentina, and here to illustrate the nature and significance of Bangladesh (EPA 2010; FDA 2016)
From page 79...
... Accordingly, research is Thus, as in all current risk assessment efforts, deneeded to address when the microbiome is a di- fault assumptions will continue to be used to adrect target of chemical toxicity and is perturbed by dress data gaps and other uncertainties. Moreover, chemical exposures in ways that have measurable it might not be possible to develop clear criteria adverse health effects on the host, when the micro- for adverse effects on the microbiome itself, so biome is not itself perturbed in harmful ways but other targets of toxicity (ranging from intracellular modulates exposure to environmental chemicals, components to organ systems)
From page 80...
... exposures or health outcomes that are important to consider in applying research results to protect FINDINGS public health. Results from the types of studies described in Chapter 6 could inform current risk- • Adequate consideration of the roles of the management practices and help to guide priorities human microbiome will improve understanding for future research on chemical–microbiome in- of the health risks posed by exposures to environteractions relevant to health risk assessment.
From page 81...
... substance_nmbr=76 to and risks posed by environmental chemicals. (accessed July 20, 2017)
From page 82...
... 2014. Arsenic exposure perturbs the gut microbiome NRC.
From page 83...
... California Environmental Functional genomic screening approaches in mechanistic Protection Agency [online]


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