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1 Introduction
Pages 9-16

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From page 9...
... The task of maintaining a high level of safety for commercial airlines is complicated by the dynamic nature of the NAS. The number of flights by commercial transports2 is increasing; air traffic control systems and procedures are being modernized to increase the capacity and efficiency of the NAS; increasingly autonomous systems3 are being developed for aircraft and ground systems, and small aircraft -- most notably unmanned aircraft systems (UAS)
From page 10...
... The safety assurance system envisioned by NASA will combine air traffic and onboard aircraft technologies as well as air traffic system automated data mining capabilities into a system for continuous safety monitoring and threat prediction.5 This system is expected to maintain or exceed the current level of air traffic safety6 while accommodating global increases in air travel and rapid introduction of new technologies.7 The system would not be expected to directly address issues related to design, development, training, or maintenance because the detection of problems in these areas and the process of implementing corrective actions falls outside the short time horizon of an RSSA. Other systems are already in place to address these aspects of aviation safety.
From page 11...
... already requires that U.S. commercial airlines develop and implement a safety management system (SMS)
From page 12...
... Similar to other management functions, safety management requires planning, organizing, communicating and providing direction. To be effective, each organization's approach to safety manage ment should take into account the distribution of responsibilities as well as its operational safety processes.b The FAA requires that the SMS being established by airlines include four elements: •  safety policy that defines the general principles upon which the SMS will be built and operated A and defines a strategy for achieving acceptable levels of safety within the organization; Safety risk management that identifies and analyzes risks; •  Safety assurance using data-driven evaluation methods to control risks; and •  Safety promotion that incorporates training of and communication with staff.
From page 13...
... SAFETY DATA The NAS includes a wide variety of aircraft, including commercial transports, general aviation aircraft, rotorcraft, military aircraft, and UAS. While the aviation community strives to ensure the safety of all aircraft operations, there is a particular emphasis on commercial airlines given that the number of flights by commercial transports -- and the number of passengers and flight crew aboard those flights -- far exceeds those for all other types of aircraft.14 The impressive safety of U.S.
From page 14...
... commercial airline fatal accident rate by 80 percent over a 10-year period ending in 2007, and to work with airlines and international aviation organizations to reduce the worldwide commercial airline fatal accident rate. The work of CAST, along with new aircraft, regulations, and other activities, reduced the fatality risk per million departures for commercial airlines in the United States by 83 percent from 1998 to 2008.17 CAST has evolved, and the group is moving beyond the historic approach of examining past accident data toward a more proactive approach focusing on detecting risk and implementing mitigation strategies before accidents or serious incidents occur.
From page 15...
... , the Flight Safety Foundation, the International Air Transport Association, the European Aviation Safety Authority, Transport Canada Civil Aviation, and other organizations, many of which have adopted CAST safety enhancements that are appropriate for different regions of the world or at a global scale.21 The General Aviation Joint Steering Committee is an industry-government organization dedicated to improve safety in general aviation, which lags far behind the safety of commercial transports.22 The steering committee has partnered with CAST and is coordinating the implementation of certain CAST Safety Enhancements in general aviation. In addition to that, several members of the steering committee such as FOQA and ASAP have joined ASIAS and are contributing voluntary safety information.
From page 16...
... 24  The prioritization process described here is modeled after the prioritization process described in the first study in this series, each of which addresses the subject of one of the six strategic thrusts established by NASA's Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate. That first report focused on assured autonomy for aviation transformation and is titled Autonomy Research for Civil Aviation: Toward a New Era of Flight (National Research Council, 2014, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.)


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