A Midterm Assessment of Implementation of the Decadal Survey on Life and Physical Sciences Research at NASA (2018) / Chapter Skim
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3 Science Progress Toward the Goals and Priorities of the 2011 Space Life and Physical Sciences Decadal Survey
3 Science Progress Toward the Goals and Priorities of the 2011 Space Life and Physical Sciences Decadal Survey
Pages 36-57
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From page 36... ...
, 2011, Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration: Life and Physical Sciences Research for a New Era, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.
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From page 37... ...
, 2015, The Space Life and Physical Sciences Research and Applications Division Task Book 7.0, NASA Research and Education Support Service, https://taskbook.nasaprs.com/publication/welcome.cfm. 3 The grant is to Cheryl Nickerson, "Titled RNA Deep Sequencing and Metabolomic Profiling of Microgravity-Induced Regulation of the Host-Pathogen Interaction: An Integrated Systems Approach," NNX13AM01G, in NASA, 2015, The Space Life and Physical Sciences R esearch and Applications Division Task Book 7.0.
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From page 38... ...
o archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/05/12/fact-sheet-announcing-national-microbiome-initiative. 7 NASA, 2015, The Space Life and Physical Sciences Research and Applications Division Task Book 7.0.
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9 NRC, 2006, A Risk Reduction Strategy for Human Space Exploration of Space: A Review of NASA's Bioastronautics Roadmap, The N ational Academies Press, Washington, D.C.
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The specific research priorities listed on these NRAs focused on the recommendations of the 2011 decadal survey. The 2016 Task Book10 lists a total of 22 HHC- and NSBRI-funded 10 NASA, 2016, The Space Life and Physical Sciences Research and Applications Division Task Book 7.0.
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From page 41... ...
In simulated microgravity, bone density, bone architecture, and muscle mass correlate with mechanical loads.14 Also during simulated microgravity, sclerostin antibody treatment increases bone mass by increasing bone formation in both normally loaded and unloaded environments.15 New osteoporosis drugs under clinical development are being tested in animal models on the ISS by CASIS. Other than documenting some benefits of ARED over interim Resistive Exercise Device (iRED)
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From page 42... ...
The decadal survey had noted the need to study several stressors at one time to achieve a better understanding of the space radiation environment. The 2011 decadal survey listed three main priorities related to radiation biology.
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The goals of the NASA program are to understand and where possible mitigate the risk of space radiation exposure. Most estimates of doses during flight to and from Mars are in the range from 0.6 to 2 Sv.
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The countermeasures component of the radiation program currently under way was not defined in the original decadal survey and seems to be disconnected from other mitigation work on-going in the United States. 3.5 FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL SCIENCES IN SPACE The 2011 decadal study provided the following four broad recommendations that should characterize NASA's low-gravity fundamental physics (FP)
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Specifically, the decadal study states that "a successful exploration program in physical science necessitates first of all a ground-based fundamental sciences program."16 Other recommendations emphasized the importance of international collaborations and partnering with other agencies. These recommendations were followed by four prioritized programmatic areas for NASA research: Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Fluids, Precision Measurements of Fundamental Forces, and Symmetries, Quantum Gases, and Critical Phenomena.
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From page 46... ...
The CAL is the very major component of fundamental physics located on the ISS, and its complexity essentially requires either ground-based or autonomous operation. Overall, the 2016 NASA Task Book indicates 15 research projects that fall under one of two program recommendations related to precision measurements of fundamental forces and symmetries.
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From page 47... ...
Research in these areas is deemed central to many new exploration technologies, enabling new exploration capabilities and yielding new insights into a broad range of physical phenomena in space and on Earth. It is envisioned that research focused on applied physical sciences will result in fundamental and practical improvements for propulsion, power generation, life support, fire safety, and advanced materials extraction, synthesis, and processing.
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From page 48... ...
As examples, the design challenges are manifold for managing the water cycle for life support, plant and animal habitats, and systems involving liquids fuels, propellants, and coolants, requiring a concerted effort to establish a practical theoretical foundation with which to design the next generation of highly reliable fluids systems for bolder yet safer and more affordable space exploration. Making good use of limited resources, the current fluids program is on track for completing, preparing, and initiating new low-gravity (low-g)
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From page 49... ...
Such efforts are in motion for fluid physics, with specific demonstrations of success within the decadal survey review timeframe, with hopes of increasing technology readiness level for low-g system design. 3.6.3 Combustion Research There are two thrusts in combustion research in the decadal survey: research that enables human space exploration and research that is enabled by the unique microgravity environment (decadal survey priorities AP6 to AP8)
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3.6.4 Materials Research The NASA Task Book indicates that a limited number of PIs (around 27 PIs for the year 2017) are currently supported for ground-based, flight experiment, and/or simulation investigations in materials sciences.
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3.7 TRANSLATION TO SPACE EXPLORATION SYSTEMS The 2011 decadal survey called out 16 high-priority areas in Translation to Space Exploration Systems (TSES)
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These roadmaps were the subject of a comprehensive external review by the National Academies, which in 2012 issued the National Research Council report NASA Space Technology Roadmaps and Priorities: Restoring NASA's Technological Edge and Paving the Way for a New Era in Space.41 NASA then began a reexamination and updating of its 2010 draft technology roadmaps,42 resulting in a new set of roadmaps in 2015.43 A significant aspect of the updating was the effort to assess the relevance of the technologies by showing their linkage to a set of mission classes and design reference missions (DRMs) from the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate and the Science Mission Directorate.
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The decadal survey focused its science and technology needs into seven topic categories: space power and thermal management; space propulsion; extra-vehicular activity (EVA) ; life support; fire safety; space resource extraction, processing, and utilization; and planetary surface construction.
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TSES Main TA # Other TA # 17 Highest 88 High 1 Two-phase flow for thermal management 14 2 14.1.2 14.1.2 2 Cryogenic fluid management 14 2 14.1.2 2.4.2, 14.1.2 3 Mobility rovers and robotic systems switch to surface 4, 7 6 none 4.4.2, 4.4.8, 6.2.1, mobility 6.2.2, 7.3.2 4 Dust mitigation systems 7 6 none 6.2.1, 7.1.2, 7.6.3 5 Thermal, micro meteoroid, radiation and orbital debris 6 7, 12 X.1, X.2 6.1.4, 6.2.1, 6.5.3, protection for EVA , rovers, and habitats 12.1.1 6 Closed-loop life support systems 6 X.3 6.1.1, 6.1.2, 6.1.3, 6.2.2 7 Thermoregulation technologies of habitats, rovers, 14 none none and spacesuits 8 Fire safety: materials standards and particle detectors 6 none 6.4.2 9 Fire suppression and post-fire strategies 6 none 6.4.2, 6.4.4 10 Regenerative fuel cells 3 10 none none 11 Energy conversion technologies 3 10, 12 3.1.3, 3.1.5 3.1.3, 3.1.5, 3.3.3, 3.3.5 12 Fission surface power 3 X.2, 3.1.5 3.1.5, 10.1.1 13 Ascent and descent systems 9 12 X.2, X.4 9.1.1, 9.1.2, 9.1.4, 9.2.7, 9.4.5, 12.1.1, 12.2.1 14 Space nuclear propulsion 2 2.2.3 2.2.3 15 Lunar water and oxygen extraction systems 7 none 7.1.2, 7.1.3, 7.1.4 16 Plans for surface operations including in situ resource 7 12 X.2 4.3.6, 7.1.2, 7.1.3, utilization and surface habitats 7.1.4, 7.4.2, 7.4.3, 7.6.2, 12.2.1 NOTES: Main TA # denotes which technology roadmap maps closest to the TSES; Other TA # denotes other technology roadmap(s) that are relevant to the TSES; 17 Highest denotes which highest-priority Level 3 technology maps to the TSES; 88 High denotes which high-priority level 2 or 3 technology maps to the TSES; None indicates that there were no highest- or high-priority technologies associated with the TSES.
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Thermal Propulsion 2.4.2 Propellant Storage and Transfer 3.1.3 Solar Power Generation (Photovoltaic and Thermal) 3.1.5 Fission Power Generation 3.3.3 Power Distribution and Transmission 3.3.5 Power Conversion and Regulation 4.3.6 Robotic Drilling and Sample Processing 4.4.2 Supervisory Control 4.4.8 Remote Interaction 6.1.1 Air Revitalization 6.1.2 Environmental Control and Life Support System Water Recovery and Management 6.1.3 Environmental Control and Life Support System Waste Management 6.1.4 Habitation 6.2.1 Extravehicular Activity Pressure Garment 6.2.2 Extravehicular Activity Portable Life Support System 6.4.2 Fire Detection and Suppression 6.4.4 Fire Remediation 6.5.3 Radiation Protection Systems 7.1.2 In Situ Resource Utilization Resource Acquisition 7.1.3 In Situ Resource Utilization Products/Production 7.1.4 In Situ Resource Utilization Manufacturing/Infrastructure Emplacement 7.3.2 Surface Mobility 7.4.2 Habitation Evolution 7.4.3 Smart Habitats continued
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3.8 SCIENCE STATUS IN LIGHT OF EXPLORATION MISSION DEVELOPMENT As promised in the introduction to this chapter, the committee has assessed in discussions above the progress made in the respective science disciplines against the priorities identified in the 2011 decadal survey. This assessment occurred within the context of the overall advancement of space life and physical sciences and against the backdrop of advancement in related fields outside of the space sciences.
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When considering these achievements in the context of planned deep space exploration missions, as requested in the charge to the committee and discussed in Chapter 2, the committee was struck by the fact that all concepts for deep space transit missions include prolonged periods of microgravity in a high radiation environment. No concepts for large-scale shielding or induced gravity exist in the defined mission plans.
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