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REFERENCE DOCUMENTS CITED IN THE LITERATURE REVIEW SYNTHESIS REPORT (Chronological Order as Cited in the Synthesis)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-3 Citation Committee on Climate Change and U.S. Transportation, Transportation Research Board, Division on Earth and Life Studies. 2008. Transportation Research Board Special Report 290: Potential Impacts of Climate Change on U.S. Transportation. National Research Council of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Website/Source onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sr/sr290.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X X X Document Type Research Report Intended Audience Planners, engineers, decision makers, federal, state, private and public transportation agencies, local and state government Abstract Funded by various organizations, the report intends to highlight the potential impacts of climate change on transportation, as of 2008, in the face of differing opinions on the actual occurrence of climate change. The report details the relevance climate change has on transportation, and suggests the organizational and adaptation actions agencies should be considering in advance of the changing environment. Populations Referenced Planners, engineers, decision makers Topics Covered Climate change overview; Role of design standards; Emergency response; Transportation impacts from climate change; Barriers to responding to climate change; and Adaptation strategies.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-4 5. Establish a program for implementing near and long‐term adaptation strategies; 6.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-5 Consider change to design standards based on risk to lessen the need for high cost and time efforts to redevelop standards. This means focusing on infrastructure with long life cycles; The report references climate studies for the NY/NJ/CT tri‐state area, Metro Boston, Seattle Alaska, and the Gulf Coast. The metro Boston and Seattle studies outline transportation impacts based on climate data available. The Gulf Coast study focuses on Katrina and Rita and the damages to transportation infrastructure that resulted. Captivating Value The report does not just look at potential negative impacts of climate change but the positive outcomes such as reduction in addressing cold weather and its impacts on costs, maintenance, construction and operations. The report recognizes that many facilities perform beyond the design life. Projects such as bridges with long life cycles provide limited availability to implement adaptation strategies while others with short life cycles allow for adaptation strategies to be implemented more frequently. Therefore location of infrastructure is a critical decision. (e.g. rail ROW is very expensive to change) Some challenges identified include: Differences in planning horizons; the shorter the horizon, the less likely climate change is considered important as part of that planning horizon. The report recognizes the difficulty in obtaining relevant information for planning and design purposes, specifically more localized climate projections. Resources.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-6 Identification of New Zealand Transit as potential case study for addressing climate change through asset management. Decision Question N/A Decision Maker N/A Relevance Outlines climate impacts and strategies; Identifies potential case studies; Provides details on design standards. Status N/A Critical Assessment The report provides a great basis for transportation agencies to begin the process for addressing climate change. However, some recommendations are specific to federal level entities and not entirely applicable to transit agencies. For example, multiple recommendations focus on USDOT or other entities to take the lead on. Additional The report highlights a recommendation for sharing best practices. Although this is something
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-7 Comments that can be done between agencies, the report identifies sharing of cross‐sector best practices and as such, it may be beneficial to look at what other sectors such as energy are doing to combat climate change. Essential Vocabulary "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change defines these factors as follows: Exposure, defined as the manner and degree to which a system is exposed to significant climate variations; Vulnerability, defined as the potential for loss, or the degree to which a system is susceptible to or unable to cope with adverse effects of climate change; Resilience, which refers to the restorative or regenerative capacity of a system when faced with change; and Adaptation, defined as the adjustment made to a system in response to actual or expected climate change to mitigate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities." (Page 145) . Potential Keywords Climate Change Design standards Adaptation strategies Climate impacts
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-8 Citation Cambridge Systematics. 2010. "Climate Change Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of New Jersey's Transportation Infrastructure." North Jersey Transportation Planning Authority (NJTPA) , Newark, NJ. Website/Source http://www.njtpa.org/Planning/Regional‐Studies/Recently‐Completed‐Studies/Vulnerability‐and‐ Risk‐Assessment‐of‐NJ‐Transporta/FHWAConceptualModel.aspx Focus Area(s)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-9 o Extreme temperature and precipitation Adaptation o Summary of current research and practices o Adaptation for New Jersey Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization MPO; the North Jersey Transportation Planning Authority is the MPO for the 13‐County Northern New Jersey Region. Geographic Distribution Two regional geographic areas were used as case studies within the State of New Jersey: New Jersey Coastal Study Area Central New Jersey Study Area Both regions are considered large, with a mixture of urban and suburban land uses: New Jersey Coastal Study Area: 6 counties and portions of 3 MPOs including the cities of Toms River and Atlantic City, and majority of the state's tourism and leisure industry with economic activity that is highly dependent on the area's transportation network. Central New Jersey Study Area: 6 counties and portions of 3 MPOs including the cities of Camden, Trenton and New Brunswick and the majority of the state's interstate highways and the Northeast Corridor rail line. Type of Transit Mode(s) Commuter Rail, Heavy Rail, Light Rail/Bus Rapid Transit, Bus/Commuter Bus (also Airports, Ports and highways although not considered transit)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-10 and in the adjacent major cities of New York and Philadelphia. The Governor of New Jersey appoints a seven‐member Board of Directors, four members from the general public and three state officials. The Governor has veto power on decisions made by the board. o The National Railroad Passenger Corporation, doing business as Amtrak, is a publicly funded railroad service operated and managed as a for‐profit corporation which began operations on May 1, 1971, to provide intercity passenger train service in the United States. Amtrak is funded by the U.S. government, with a president and board of directors. The Northeast Corridor provides a key interdependency for Amtrak and NJ Transit as they share the rail right‐of‐way.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-11 Value through vulnerability and risk assessment, but does not complete the final link in the process -- adaptation. A full adaptation module should be added to the model." (p. 13) Decision Question Should changes be made to the FHWA Conceptual Model?
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-12 Potential Keywords Asset Management Asset Inventory Criticality Vulnerability Risk Adaptation
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-13 Citation Hodges, T. 2011. Flooded Bus Barns and Buckled Rails: Public Transportation and Climate Change Adaptation. Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C. Website/Source http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/FTA_0001_‐_Flooded_Bus_Barns_and_Buckled_Rails.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X X Document Type Research Report Intended Audience Transportation practitioners, researchers, transit agencies, users of transit systems Abstract "This report provides transit professionals with information and analysis relevant to adapting U.S. public transportation assets and services to climate change impacts. Climate impacts such as heat waves and flooding will hinder transit agencies' ability to attain a state of good repair and provide reliable and safe service. The report examines anticipated climate impacts on U.S. transit and current climate change adaptation efforts by domestic and foreign transit agencies. It further examines the availability of vulnerability assessment, risk management, and adaptation planning tools as well as their applicability to public transportation agencies." (p. vii (abstract)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-14 Mode(s) assets will encounter as a result of climate change and is intended for use by transit agencies of all sizes and modes. Type of Vulnerability All vulnerabilities are considered. The report provides numerous and diverse examples of the impact upon transit services due to extreme weather including: precipitation, temperature, sea‐ level rise and hurricanes. Goals and Motivations A premise of the report is that "climate change adaptation is essentially responsible risk management" (p.3)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-15 Relevance To assist transit agencies, the report recommends taking a risk management approach noting that risk assessment tools developed by governments and non‐profits offer guidance on how to prioritize climate risks by assessing the likelihood of occurrence and the magnitude of consequence. "Taking a risk management approach mitigates risk without expensively over‐ engineering assets." (p. 2) The report further provides examples of adaptation strategies and discusses how transit agencies might incorporate climate change adaptation into their organizational structures and existing activities. For instance: "Following the August 2007 flood, as well as other less severe floods, New York MTA raised many of its sidewalk level ventilation grates so that water could not enter from flooded sidewalks. New York held a design competition to incorporate the vents into street furniture." (p. 66)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-16 http://cses.washington.edu/cig/fpt/guidebook.shtml ICLEI Adaptation Database and Planning Tool (ADAPT) http://www.icleiusa.org/programs/climate/Climate_Adaptation/climate‐resilient‐ communities‐program UK Climate Impacts Program, Risk, Uncertainty and Decision‐Making Framework http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-17 economy, and the environment." (p. 10) Potential Keywords Climate change Adaptation Asset management State of good repair Risk management
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-18 Citation Thomson, B., E. Delaney, S. Eget, and L. Gallagher. June 2012. "Resilience of NJ TRANSIT Assets to Climate Impacts." First Environment, Inc., Boonton, NJ. Website/Source http://www.firstenvironment.com/assets/pdf/Resilience_of_NJTRANSIT_Assets_to_Climate_Imp acts‐Final‐withAppendices%20_Print.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X Document Type Research Study Intended Audience NJ TRANSIT (transit agency/operator)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-19 Vulnerability Sea‐level rise and higher storm surge Storm intensity and frequency that involve: o Higher wind velocities o Increased rain and rainfall per event o Increased lightning o Increased snow levels per event o More frequent icing events o Increased flooding frequency and levels Goals and Motivations The goal of this project is to "determine the potential vulnerability and risk, as well as projected climate impacts on NJ TRANSIT stationary assets that include rails, structures, and buildings – and to develop cost‐effective resilience strategies so NJ TRANSIT can protect these assets from negative impacts in the future. NJ TRANSIT can also use this information to protect its rolling stock (trains, buses, etc.) from severe weather." [p. 2]
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-20 as for Hurricane Irene when Bus Operations moved flood‐prone Oradell Depot buses to Paramus Park Mall and then again to Garden State Plaza as the water rose at Paramus Park. Further, the purpose of this study is to improve resilience planning at NJ TRANSIT. Tools The study references NJ TRANSIT's ongoing Scorecard initiative to track customer satisfaction and performance metrics: o "Safety and Security; o Customer Experience; o Corporate Accountability; o Financial Performance; and o Employee Engagement." (p. 15) "This report reviewed and developed statistical models for the 5, 10, and 20 year planning horizons to determine results specific to NJ TRANSIT. In recent years, NJ TRANSIT has already been experiencing more extreme weather; the models indicate these increases. The variance in the models do not demonstrate a large difference within the next 20 years (NJ TRANSIT's planning horizon)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-21 Repair or reconstruct roofs Additional snow removal Increase maintenance / cleaning and coating of exposes steel due to de‐icing and salt corrosion Install additional drainage systems Cancel, slow or reduce service at certain locations Increase maintenance and scour mitigation measures Shorten maintenance schedule Status Need a status update on implementation. This study was released following Hurricane Irene but before Superstorm Sandy, which resulted in tremendous impacts to the NJ TRANSIT system. The study should be updated or subsequent studies produced to address implementation to date, and provide any relevant updates per Superstorm Sandy. Critical Assessment The methodology and resources are sound, but are outdated in 2015, and would benefit from an update. Additional information on existing conditions should be provided, such as length or frequency of service disruptions, and populations affected (e.g., low‐income populations) . More specifics should be provided for risk mitigation measures – e.g., rather than saying "substitute" or "slow" service, information should be provided about what impact that would have on the system and riders. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary Resiliency is not defined in the document. Potential Keywords Resilience Asset Management Commuter Rail Climate Change Impacts Transit corporation
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-22 Citation ICF International. 2013. Assessment of the Body of Knowledge on Incorporating Climate Change Adaptation Measures into Transportation Projects. Washington, D.C. Website/Source N/A Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X X X Document Type Research Intended Audience Engineers, Planners, MPOs, State DOTs, Transit Agencies Abstract The report outlines the state of practice for addressing climate adaptation by transportation agencies. It further illustrates current efforts by various transit agencies as they relate to climate adaptation and mitigation initiatives. Through the outline of best practices, this report clarifies the relationship between vulnerability assessments and adaptation planning. It further provides practices regarding cost and benefit analysis of the various adaptation strategies to support agencies in their efforts moving forward. Populations Referenced N/A Topics Covered Current practices in the areas of asset management, long‐range planning, design and construction, operations and maintenance as well as emergency preparedness; Best practices for incorporating adaptation through a variety of efforts including establishment of metrics, prioritization of strategies and planning; Cost‐benefit processes and evaluation; and Barriers to climate adaptation.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-23 o FEMA Benefit‐Cost Analysis Tool ("The tool consists of guidelines, methods and software modules for estimating the benefits and costs of mitigation strategies to a range of major natural hazards, including wildfire, floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes.")
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-24 o Iowa DOT is retrofitting bridges to address local flooding as well as built a channel to direct flood waters away from infrastructure; and o Crossrail construction in London accounted for extreme temps and extreme flooding. Operations and Maintenance o Prioritize maintenance activities that reduce damage during extreme weather events; o Shift construction and maintenance activities towards cooler times of the day; o Deploy "quick maintenance" patrols; and o Plant drought and heat resistant plant species for erosion control; o Amtrak is updating overhead wires to address extreme heat; o Transport for London paints bus tops white to reflect heat; Emergency Management o "The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-25 approaches to adaptation." (Page 17) "The appropriate approach to estimating adaptation costs and benefits, and the manner in which the information is used, will depend both on the resources available to the decision maker and the needs of the adaptation planning process." (Page 22)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-26 Citation Report: Gopalakrishna, D., J. Schroeder, A. Huff, A. Thomas, and A. Leibrand. 2013. "Planning for Systems Management & Operations as part of Climate Change Adaptation." U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Washington D.C. Website/Source http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop13030/fhwahop13030.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X X X Document Type Research document. Intended Audience FHWA Office of Operations, transportation agencies. Abstract The research document is a white paper outlining projected impacts of climate change across the country. Further, the white paper briefly describes how these changes may impacts transportation sectors assets and options for agencies to take in assessing their vulnerability to climate change. Populations Referenced US population, TMC (Traffic Management Center)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-27 Impacts to operations: (p. 19)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-28 And, Changing Travel Behavior(p. 21) The white paper addresses the need for agencies to "absorb" impacts form climate change as part of its adaptation. To address climate change and its impacts, the white paper outlines that transportation agencies are responsible for increasing its ability to respond to more incidents and extreme weather events. To do this, the white paper suggests: o Increasing monitoring of weather and systems. This may include mobile monitoring or use of social media to support agencies.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-29 Relevance Provides considerable data by US region on anticipated climate changes. Identifies a series of potential impacts climate change may have on the transportation sector.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-30 Citation Report: Chicago Transit Authority, and TranSystems. 2013. An Integrated Approach to Climate Adaptation at the Chicago Transit Authority. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C. Website/Source http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/FTA_Report_No._0070.pdf FTA Report No. 0070 Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X X Document Type FTA Adaptation pilot study outlining tools which may be used to integrate climate adaptation into operations, infrastructure planning and business practices. Intended Audience Transit Agencies and practitioners within those agencies. Abstract The overall purpose of the pilot project was the development of tools and methods for assessing the impact of extreme weather on operations and critical infrastructure. In the case of CTA, the agency implemented a methodology for surveying and analyzing system vulnerabilities. With the knowledge gained through this analysis, the agency was then able to outline adaptation approaches which may enhance resilience for those areas focused on by the agency. Utilizing a cost‐benefit model, the CTA was able to derive the best solution for addressing extreme weather and climate change while factoring sensitivities of the scientific data surrounding climate change. The final piece to the report outlines a high‐level approach that CTA may apply to integrate climate change adaptation into standard business practices. Populations Referenced Customers, Engineers, Planners Topics Covered System Vulnerability Outlook to Extreme Weather o A method for quantifying the costs on CTA for the impacts from extreme weather instances experienced recently; o A method for quantifying future costs from impacts from extreme weather; Both methods include the development of cost estimates related to damage and labor. Impacts included impacts to service as well as impacts to general ridership during weather incidents.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-31 o Asset under other jurisdictions. Develop Life‐Cycle Cost Model (LCCM)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-32 some of these efforts, the agency used "global models" without much explanation though it appears research had been done in the city on a larger climate project. However, the report does detail the used of what was called the Develop Life‐Cycle Cost Model (LCCM) . It "was constructed to compare the infrastructure investment costs (i.e., build scenarios)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-33 the EAM database for consideration of climate change. (p. 78) There are positives and benefits of both outlined within the report but to successfully integrate into business practices there needs to be updates to the asset management system to ensure climate is being considered as part of projecting "asset needs and replacement in future years". As almost a throwaway towards the end of the report, the report outlines an operational/finance impact framework model to help with forecasting the need of long‐ range resources such as "labor, materials and budgeting needs" (p. 81)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-34 but the report leaves the gap of which proposed approach the agency will take to integrate climate into the EAM system. One of the most interesting aspects may be the operational/finance impact framework model that took up just a couple pages of the entire report. It appears this effort was not part of the pilot but an earlier project CTA was working on. Overall, the report provides considerable meaningful methodologies and tools to support transit agencies beyond CTA but there are some gaps in the framework which need to be understood on why some methods were choose over others. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary N/A Potential Keywords Asset Management Climate Adaptation Standard Business Practice Capital Planning Long‐range Planning
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-35 Citation Choate, A., P. Groth, C. Snow, T. Phung, J. Casola, E. Johansen. 2013. A Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of SEPTA's Regional Rail: A Transit Climate Change Adaptation Assessment Pilot. FTA Report No. 0071. Website/Source http://www.fta.dot.gov/about/12351_8850.html Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X X X Document Type Pilot study research report. Intended Audience Practitioners, especially other transit agencies, and policy makers. Abstract The SEPTA system is increasingly dealing with severe weather in terms of increased and prolonged flooding on parts of its system, extreme heat, power outages, strong winds and tropical storms/hurricanes. It has always had to deal with snow, including blizzards. What is different is that severe storms are becoming more frequent and lasting longer. Traditional flood areas are remaining flooded for longer periods and the opportunities for service disruption from falling trees, water and strong winds have the potential for lasting longer. The Pilot has afforded SEPTA to look at its rail system from the perspective of climate and adaptation and its effects on its system and customers at various time frames "The study analyzes the risks from extreme weather and climate change in the context of service delays, train annulments, and costs to SEPTA. Projected risks are grounded in historical data on service disruptions and costs from weather events, including labor, materials, and equipment. Finally, we identified, screened, and analyzed adaptation strategies with stakeholder input. This report presents the results of these analyses, including detailed process information and lessons learned for future transit adaptation efforts." (p. 7)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-36 Vulnerabilities to Snow and Winter Storms Vulnerabilities to Tropical Storms Overall Vulnerabilities Section 5: Adaptation Strategies Process for Identifying Adaptation Strategies Adaptation Strategies for High Temperatures Adaptation Strategies for Heavy Rain Events Adaptation Strategies for Snow Adaptation Strategies for Tropical Storms Cross‐Cutting Adaptation Strategies Recommendations Section 6: Lessons Learned Appendix A: Detailed Approach for Analysis of Baseline Service Disruptions Appendix B: Detailed Approach for Analysis of Weather‐Related Costs Appendix C: Detailed Approach for Analysis of Baseline Weather Conditions Appendix D: Detailed Approach for Analysis of Future Climate Projections Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization FTA sponsored the pilot and study report. Geographic Distribution SEPTA provides transit service (commuter rail, bus, subway, and paratransit service) in the Philadelphia region of Pennsylvania, extending service into nearby states. The pilot study focuses on the single rail line of Manayunk/Norristown (M/N)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-37 downed trees, damage to catenaries, power outages, and damage to signals. Some tropical storms can also cause severe flooding," (p. 37) SEPTA represents the vulnerabilities to weather events on power, track, signals, track beds, bridges, communications and staff on the M/N line in a simple Table 4‐1: SEPTA's Vulnerabilities to Weather Events and Projected Climate Changes on the Manayunk/Norristown Line (organized by weather event and SEPTA department)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-38 o Incorporate changing climate conditions into planning and budgeting process" (p.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-39 Using historical data and current observations of weather, what weather events are causing the greatest delay, annulments, disruption and costs on the M/N line? SEPTA developed the following five questions to determine what weather events were the most harmful and disruptive: "What types of weather events lead to service disruptions?
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-40 Table 5‐2 identifies the problems, possible solutions, departments responsible and barriers to solutions. Nine temperature related problems are identified from "sagging wires and track buckling to harsh working conditions and passenger discomfort." The solutions run from modernizing the catenary system to constant tension to "educate workers on stress and hydration." Most of the nine problems have multiple solutions. Table 5‐3 identifies the problems, possible solutions, departments responsible and barriers to solutions. Nine heavy rain related problems are identified from "track wash outs to power outages." The solutions run from "build flood resistant structures to emergency sand bagging." Most of the nine problems have multiple solutions.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-41 o Institute policy to consider elevating assets (or otherwise making them more resilient) if opportunity arises through business‐as‐usual operations.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-42 o high heat o asset management flooding snow tropical storms heavy rain
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-43 Citation Report: Brooks, J., R. Stevens, S.M. Sandidge, L. Cherrington, R. Blessing, A. Stiles, and Dr. S. Brody. 2013. "Gulf Coast Climate Change Adaptation Pilot Study." U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C. Website/Source http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/FTA_Report_No._0072.pdf FTA Report No. 0072 Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X X X Document Type FTA pilot Planning Study Intended Audience Gulf Coast Transit Agencies Abstract This study was intended to provide Gulf Coast transit agencies a source of reference to address climate change within their agencies. This source of information includes a broad range of climate change research and potential and actual weather‐related impacts to Gulf Coast communities. This report further provides agencies a framework to address climate change at the agency level and tools and methodologies necessary to develop assessments and adaptation strategies. More specifically, Island Transit, Houston metro and the Hillsborough Area Regional Transit were provided additional benefits as case studies through the application of the outlined framework and methodologies. Populations Referenced Gulf Coast Transit Agencies Topics Covered Background information regarding climate change and the effect climate change may have on Gulf Coast transit agencies; o A survey of agencies about past severity of various weather events is provided to support the report and transit agencies alike.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-44 Transit. Type of Transit Mode(s) All Type of Vulnerability Heat‐high Days, Sea‐level Rise/Flooding, Other (High Winds)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-45 Assessment matrices addressing impacts and consequence scoring. Two evaluation tools are identified and provided. Agency System‐wide Evaluation and o Agency System‐wide Evaluation consists of asking agency staff and stakeholders to think about weather events, the likelihood and severity of impacts and provide the form back to the study team. Follow‐up detail is also asked regarding asset criticality, value, etc. o The second tool is a baseline assessment tool. This tool details a list of questions which may be asked by each agency department, though the list of questions is an example and may not include all information desired.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-46 cost) ." o "Plan for and setup contracts for staff meals, hotels for employee sleep quarters, street clearing equipment and services, and safe parking for the vehicle fleet (all require low, periodic investment to establish and maintain contracts)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-47 o Specific to Houston METRO (Focus on Hurricane/Tropical Storm) Captivating Value The following quote shows how wide of a net that needs to be cast to be sure climate adaptation is being considered holistically. – "Common types of plans or documents that do or can pertain to climate change adaptation at Gulf Coast transit agencies include, but are not limited to, the following: •Emergency management plans •Risk improvement plans •Catastrophe risk analysis •Sustainability plans •Continuity of operations plans
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-48 •Food service disaster plans •Metropolitan transportation plans •Corridor alternatives analysis •Local or regional flood plain management plans" Decision Question Decision Maker Transit Agencies Relevance Scope of climate change Provides an overview of Gulf Coast impacts and projections but furthers the importance of scoping the impacts through the first step of the framework developed. Assessing climate risks Report defines a framework for addressing climate change which could be applied nationally even though the reports intended audience is the Gulf Coast. Provides methods for assessing vulnerabilities. Integration of climate adaptation into standard business practices. Outlines steps in the framework forcing agency cooperation where without input form varying departments on risks and vulnerabilities and well as assigned responsibilities for adaptation, the efforts would be for not. Some gaps and solutions to addressing climate change is the identification of limited data at the local level. For example refined data is needed for local predictions of sea‐level rise. The solution proposed is outlined in Step 8 of the framework which forces agencies to reassess and reevaluate climate change and its impacts. This includes using new data and information as it becomes available. Status Available for use by other transit agencies. Critical Assessment Overall, the report is a high‐level outline of the things to think about when an agency is looking to incorporate climate change adaptation into business practices. The report provides easy to understand and use assessment tools and a framework that requires continuing planning and discussions throughout the agency. Chapters 1 through 3 generally review the background on risk assessments and the literature review conducted as part of the project. Chapter 3 outlines a conceptual framework that many of the reports follow. The results from the literature search highlight the need for updated design standards and to conduct further research into longer term horizons as a place to implement adaptation to infrastructure. It also highlights general land‐use issues, technological needs and impacts to operations. Chapter 4 provides a basic assessment outline while Chapters 5‐7 outline case studies with limited information. Chapter 7 specifically focuses on response and recovery. Chapter 8 highlights the need to understand spatial asset vulnerability and more localized predictions as far as sea‐level rise. Chapter 9 reviews the vulnerabilities and potential impacts. Chapter 10 provides a crash course on how GIS may be used to get to the CCVI score. Additional Comments Case studies examples going through some of the methodologies described include: 1.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-49 case study provides business practices as well as standards and infrastructure design recommendations. 3. Houston Metro – Houston TX (Chapter 7 focuses specifically on tropical storm and hurricanes. Seems to focus primarily on disaster recovery.)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-50 Citation Liban, C., Egge, M., Markovitz, C. 2013. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority Climate Change Adaptation Pilot Project Report. FTA Report No. 0073. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C. Website/Source N/A Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X X X Document Type Pilot study research report. Intended Audience Policy makers, internal staff, coordinating agencies and practitioners, especially other transit agencies. Abstract In the beginning, metro states that the Pilot will build upon their existing work: "Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-51 Agency or Organization Geographic Distribution "Metro is the state‐chartered Regional Transportation Planning Agency (RTPA) and public transportation agency for Los Angeles County (California)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-52 indicators, and the system includes a search engine for ease of use, searching, and printing reports. M3 supports asset management, inventory, and warehouse management, as well as bus, rail and facilities maintenance. It is integrated with Metro's purchasing and financial systems to create a seamless environment and eliminate duplication of data. The system uses and resides on computer hardware accessible at all Metro locations. …Metro's case study through this project shows how Metro and any transit agency can address asset risk from climate change by identifying the criticality and vulnerability of assets over time, using Metro's EMS Adaptation Plan and Metro's M3 as a template. Building on Metro's ISO 14001:2004‐certified EMS and CAAP at the Red Line Yard (RLY) , First Environment developed a methodology to screen for the assets at risk. In particular the methodology provides a tool for a transit agency to: • Identify assets • Screen assets for criticality • Screen assets for vulnerability to precipitation, heat, and wind • Screen for indicator of risk over time – rate of change • Assess the risk on the asset" (p. 24‐25)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-53 Noteworthy Aspects Metro has taken initiative to understand parts of resiliency and sustainability by analyzing various other plans and documents assembled by several distinct entities that, too often, were stand‐ alone documents. Their effort was to integrate the various documents and plans to achieve a more universal approach/plan. One of the future take always from the Pilot is to use the Pilot for a "Climate Adaptation Roundtable." "The audiences targeted include the Metro Board of Directors, elected officials, and service area residents, as well as transit‐dependent riders and discretionary riders. Metro staff will use this messaging strategy when developing outreach materials to aid in developing appropriate and relevant messaging techniques to particular audiences." (p. 35) "Creation of a Metro Climate Adaptation Webinar with a focus on: Building off of the roundtable discussion to share additional information on Metro's climate efforts • Identifying and outlining existing and forthcoming policies, programs, and resources available to transportation agencies for climate adaptation planning • Creating an accessible forum to increase audience engagement and participation." (P. 41‐ 42)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-54 Customers are basically an afterthought as they are in the 7 Pilots. I think this is unfortunate. If one starts with the customer and assess their needs in climate change, there is likely to be some different priorities. For example for Metro bus shelters and station or their lack: a 95 F degree requires bus patrons to have adequate shelters. Metro O&M staff are rightly concerned about A/C on the buses, but is an at‐risk transit‐ dependent person has no protection then Metro starts with a bigger cooling problem Shelters and stations are also critical with respect to heavy rainfall and flooding. Are the shelters and stations in flood zones? Can customers get to them safely?
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-55 Citation Report: Feng, T. 2013. "San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District (BART) Climate Change Adaptation Assessment Pilot." U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C. Website/Source http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/FTA_Report_No._0074.pdf FTA Report No. 0074 Focus Area(s)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-56 Motivations climate change. Once outlined, adaptation strategies are to be developed and linked to the various departments at BART. Evaluate the impacts of climate change on the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District (BART) infrastructure and to develop and implement adaptation strategies against those impacts. Context Focused on Heavy Rail BART is a special governmental agency created by the State of California consisting of Alameda County, Contra Costa County, and the City and County of San Francisco. San Mateo County, which hosts six BART stations, is not part of the BART District. It is governed by an elected Board of Directors with each of the nine directors representing a specific geographic area within the BART district. BART operates 209 miles of heavy rail fixed guideway with up to 666 vehicles available as of 2013(per the National Transit Database)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-57 Tools Repeatable methodology for evaluating and assessing assets vulnerability and risk. The approach defines risk criteria such as likelihood of events for the events studied and consequence and places these definitions into a risk matrix. It provides an interesting approach whereas each scenario has its own set of probability definitions. o The consequence scales provided fit across all hazards and focuses on two concepts: repair costs to physical damage and revenue service downtime. These two consequence definitions are combined to provide a single output score for consequence.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-58 Noteworthy Aspects A risk assessment was done on each of the four BART assets and was generally based on guidance from ISO 31000: 2009 Risk Management -- Principles and Guidelines The adaptation strategies are aimed at increasing the resiliency of the assets and realign BART's business practices to better respond to the climate change impacts. These adaptation strategies fall into one of four categories: Land Use and Planning, Design and Construction, Operations, and Maintenance. A complete list of the 35 potential strategies reviewed is included in Appendix B‐1. (Pg. 146 of the pdf.) Provides a framework for comparatively evaluating the costs to implement adaptive strategies on a life‐cycle basis. Using a case study example, the framework is applied on a programmatic level to inform prioritization and budgetary decision‐making processes.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-59 branch. o Under Maintenance, implementation of storm drain maintenance program is identified as well as maintenance programs related to equipment. Finally, maintenance and engineers alike will be required to update the criteria used to evaluate projects so that it reflects climate change as a priority. Additionally, the asset management team will be responsible for incorporation of climate change into the asset registry and coordinate activities with stakeholders and regional entities on best practices for making such changes. Chapter 6 dives heavily into asset management and where adaptation can fit into the system at an enterprise level. Opportunities at the enterprise level are identified in the below table which includes status of efforts undertaken by BART. (p. 82) Opportunities at the asset level are: (p. 83)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-60 Relevance Provides insight on how the agency is beginning to incorporate climate adaptation into standard business practices. Outlines methods for assessing climate change risk and prioritization and analysis of adaptation strategies. Outlines a number of adaptation strategies, though specific to this study, may help build a larger inventory of adaptation strategy options. Status "As an immediate step following this study, a funding plan should be devised so that a comprehensive, system‐wide, vulnerability and risk review of BART operating systems and assets can be performed. It is a value‐added approach by leveraging the findings from several regional and federal climate change adaptation projects, by applying the methodologies developed through this pilot, and by continuing the broad teamwork that came together during this pilot." (p. 101) Critical Assessment This report provides a detailed example of applying a simple vulnerability assessment of infrastructure and considerations for adaptation and where adaption fits into asset management. Additional Comments In regards to the developed risk/vulnerability assessment methodology, something to think about is the approach to defining probability in general and not just this report. The risk assessment approach to defining probability on varying time scales is likely common but it may be of interest how these play out in planning. "Downpour" is broken into 5 categories from "Improbable" to "Frequent". "Improbable" is defined as "Unlikely during the next 25 years". Contrarily, sea‐level rise uses estimates for impacts at 2050 and 2100. Is it appropriate for the risk scales to be defined by the timeframe of the data is provided in?
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-61 Citation Binder, L., Tohver, I., Snover, A., Shatzkin, A. Sound Transit Climate Risk Reduction Project, FTA Report 0075, September 2013 Website/Source http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/FTA_Report_No._0075.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X X X Document Type Research document Intended Audience Transit Agencies Abstract "The Climate Risk Reduction Project assessed how climate change may affect the Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority's (Sound Transit)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-62 o Adjustments to operations and maintenance o Design changes o Decision support and capacity‐building activities Integrating Adaptation into Agency Processes o Opportunity to consider climate adaptation in a large number of transit agency processes o Ongoing process Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization Sponsoring agency is federal agency; Report is written by transit authority and an academic research group. Geographic Distribution Washington State's central Puget Sound region Large (3 million service area population) Type of Transit Mode(s)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-63 agency processes (e.g. board and administrative policies, strategic plans, partner service agreements, federal and state funding and grant agreements, environmental impact statements, long‐range plan, system/corridor studies, value engineering and risk workshops for alignment, standard operating procedures, procurement plans, asset management systems, real estate acquisitions, property value assessments, disaster preparedness.) Decision Maker Transit agency Relevance Report describes methodology of 18 month project that focused on reducing climate change risk by considering its impacts a wide variety of processes. Status Research report is completed. Authors indicate that they will develop a formal set of recommendations that will outline the steps that Sound Transit should take to address the report's findings. Critical Assessment Comprehensive well‐documented report of 18 month study. However, document does not include survey instrument or check list or other materials that would help replicate the methodology by other agencies. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary Resilience: "A capability to anticipate, prepare for, respond to and recover from significant multi‐hazard threats with minimum damage to social well‐being, the economy and the environment" (FTA definition)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-64 Citation Amekudzi, A., Rose, D., Springstead, D., Batac, T. and Crane, M. 2013. Transit climate Change Adaptation Assessment/Asset management Pilot for the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C. Website/Source http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/FTA_Report_No._0076.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X Document Type Research Report Intended Audience Transit agencies, transportation practitioners and researchers Abstract "This report applies transit asset management principles to climate change adaptation using the Federal Transit Administration's "Asset Management Guide." Climate change adaptation generally involves understanding potential impacts of the changing climate on an agency's services and assets and taking necessary actions to avoid, reduce, or manage anticipated impacts. For transit agencies, this involves identifying vulnerable assets and their associated risks and prioritizing improvements to develop more resilient systems while achieving other system performance objectives. Principles from the "Asset Management Guide" are applied to demonstrate how a public transit agency can adapt to extreme weather events or changes in climate using the Metropolitan Atlanta Regional Transit Authority (MARTA)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-65 system service area Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization This research report was sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration Geographic Distribution National Type of Transit Mode(s) "This report makes a case for using transit asset management programs to adapt to climate change, discusses key elements of the process using Metro Atlanta's public transit system as a recurring example and presents guidelines and a case study for using risk‐based transit asset management procedures to adapt to climate change, using FTA's "Asset Management Guide."" (p. 9)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-66 Noteworthy Aspects The report contained several noteworthy items including: "Lifecycle management plans are developed at the design/procurement stage to ensure that the asset is designed and/or manufactured in a way that considers its performance requirements (including resilience to extreme weather and climate risks) and total cost of ownership. The contents of a lifecycle management plan may vary based on the asset management maturity level of an asset class." (p. 20)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-67 buses) Build protective features such as levees, retaining walls, etc.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-68 change issues by balancing SGR needs with the risks of climate hazards and the need for system resiliency." (p.23) Status Research project is complete Critical Assessment The report provides value by demonstrating how the principles of transit asset management can be successfully incorporated within the organizational framework and operational practices of a transit provider use MARTA as the case study. The report contains meaningful examples from MARTA to illustrate the steps an agency undertakes towards implementing an adaptation plan to make their system more resilient. The report also provides MARTA's initial adaptation strategies mapped to the appropriate business units within the agency demonstrating the extent to which resiliency can be infused throughout an agency's culture. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary The report contained the following definitions and terms: "Resilience represents the ability of a system to react to stresses that challenge its performance. A resilient system is able to adjust its functioning prior to, during, or following changes and disturbances, so that it can continue to perform as required after a disruption or a major mishap, and in the presence of continuous stresses. Resilient systems have the ability to recover from sudden and severe stresses in a dynamic environment." (p. 10)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-69 Citation Report: U.S. Department of Transportation. 2014. "U.S. Department of Transportation Climate Adaptation Plan 2014: Ensuring Transportation Infrastructure and System Resilience." U.S Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Website/Source http://www.dot.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/2014‐%20DOT‐Climate‐Adaptation‐Plan.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X X X Document Type Plan Intended Audience USDOT stakeholders Abstract In a follow‐up to the US DOT Policy Statement on addressing climate change, the US Department of Transportation has developed a Climate Adaption Plan for the federal agency which applies to its modal units within. The plan provides an outline of steps the agency is undertaking to address climate change as well as the roles the modal units play under the plan pursuant to Executive Orders 13514 and 13653. Populations Referenced USDOT and its modal administrations. These include: • Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
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From page 70... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-70 Motivations climate adaption plan per executive order. Although it fulfills a requirement, then plan works to address safety, state of good repair and sustainability issues. Context The U.S. DOT is required to develop and implement a climate adaptation plan. This document is updated form a 2012 version which reviews the past successes of the department modal unit successes and activities. Tools Identification of Common Support Services – Weather (CSS‐Wx) – However, this is aimed at aviation. Identifies that FHWA has multiple tools available an under development to assist agencies in identifying climate change vulnerabilities: "Climate Change and Extreme Weather Vulnerability Assessment Framework (Complete FY 2013)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-71 work by planning, outreach, tools, funding, etc. for each modal administration under US DOT agencies may take advantage of. Seems to be useful base of knowledge and resources to agencies. Document also outlines notable impacts form climate change to transportation infrastructure. Captivating Value The document breaks down FY12‐13 accomplishments through categorically organizing work by planning, outreach, tools, funding, etc. for each modal administration under US DOT agencies may take advantage of. These are listed under tools and may provide a series of useful methods for incorporation of climate change into business practices. Decision Question N/A Decision Maker N/A Relevance A number of tools, research and other efforts are documented as available for use. An assessment framework and incorporation of climate change into policy decisions and funding elements is addressed.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-72 Outreach Education Planning Asset Management
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-73 Citation Meyer, M., M Flood, J
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-74 construction, operations and maintenance consideration of incorporating adaptation in asset management systems Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization The research was sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration. Geographic Distribution National and International (Adapt Planning) Type of Transit Mode(s)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-75 "The main tools used to simulate global climate and the effects of increased levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are called "general circulation models" (GCMs)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-76 The adaptive strategies noted in the guide to either reduce the impact or reduce the consequences of climate impacts are analogous to strategies suggested to improve resiliency. Additionally, the approach taken to provide transportation practitioners a sound foundation on which to plan for and implement adaptive strategies is readily transferable to efforts to improve the resiliency of transit agencies. The document contains a "diagnostic framework that provides highway agency staff with a general step‐by‐step approach for assessing climate change impacts and deciding on a course of action." (p. 14) Those steps include: Establishing the overall focus and approach of the adaptation study Determining the likely future climatic and weather conditions Determining the vulnerability of targeted assets to selected climatic stresses Determining the level of risk associated with the possibility of an asset failing, once the assets that are most vulnerable are known Identifying, assessing, and costing alternative strategies for protecting the high‐risk assets With respect to barriers to implementing effective resiliency methods, it is reasonable to anticipate similar challenges to resiliency will be experienced as those noted for adaptation. Apparently, "many of the state officials participating in the testing of the framework noted, that while there are several reports on how to do adaptation planning technically, there is a dearth of guidance and materials for helping DOTs to implement adaptations in the context of shrinking budgets and public skepticism." (p. 25)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-77 "Climate sensitivity is defined as the eventual (equilibrium) warming that would occur if the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere were doubled." (p. 30)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-78 Citation European Environment Agency, 2014. Adaptation of transport to climate change in Europe Challenges and options across transport modes and stakeholders, EEA Report No 8/2014. Website/Source ISBN 978‐92‐9213‐500‐3 ISSN 1977‐8449 doi:10.2800/56672 Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X X Document Type Research document. Intended Audience This document addresses governments, primarily. This report aims to provide information of relevance to most of these stakeholders: European institutions ‐ how adaptation is making progress throughout Europe, and how it is being integrated within transport policy and practices. National and sub‐national governments ‐ information on actions taken in some countries, which could be replicated by others. Practitioners and researchers ‐ how adaptation needs are being identified and assessed in different contexts, and how actions are prioritized, as guidance for revising or expanding their professional or research activities in this field. Abstract As an initial step towards the necessary widespread mainstreaming of climate change adaptation into transport planning and decision making, this report aims to shed light on initial adaptation practices in the transport sector across Europe while providing a perspective on the emerging challenges and opportunities. The purpose of the report is to stimulate discussion. The factual information collected is based on data available in the Climate‐ADAPT (1)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-79 Mode(s) Ferryboat, Other Type of Vulnerability Rising temperatures and extended heatwave periods increase the problems of rail buckling, pavement deterioration and thermal comfort for passengers in vehicles.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-80 Examples of national information platforms and their support of adaptation efforts Many countries have set up a climate change adaptation platform providing information -- mainly on their national adaptation plans -- to all agents interested in the subject, covering the transport sector, for example: France: WIKLIMAT WIKLIMAT is a platform for sharing knowledge between actors involved in climate change. It was created in July 2013 within the framework of the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan, and allows stakeholders to contribute on French adaptation initiatives and achievements. WIKLIMAT covers three main objectives: o To create a platform for gathering and sharing knowledge on adaptation and facilitating widespread dissemination of new ideas and innovative concepts. o To make updated experiences available to training actors.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-81 experts, on the other side, emerges here, as vulnerability assessments would require input from both sides. Considering transport under a broader spatial perspective provides several benefits. Firstly, transport stakeholders may find it easier to develop and implement their adaptation actions if they can link to integrated adaptation strategies at the appropriate spatial level. Secondly, integrating transport within regional or city adaptation strategies also facilitates a discussion about how changes in climate can impact population flows and transport behavior. This broader framework may offer a better basis for a revision of current transport plans based on particular regional or local characteristics (including their socioeconomic developments)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-82 complementary actions both needed to cope with climate change. Transport requires many costly and long‐lasting investments in infrastructure, airplanes, trains, ships and other transport equipment. This calls for anticipatory planning approaches that consider future climate change but also other socioeconomic changes. Transport, is a very complex system with responsibilities distributed across many different stakeholders. This situation makes integrated adaptation approaches challenging to achieve and requires appropriate governance approaches.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-83 service operators. Adaptation measures taken in the transport sector are monitored and analyzed. This will enable stakeholders to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of future policy, and will help to stimulate a transparent public debate on what additional actions are needed. Status Recent – last half of 2014. Critical Assessment Results obtained reflect the perceptions of a limited number of respondents. Transport adaptation but not transit specific. Additional Comments The European Commission proposes a Roadmap for moving to a competitive low‐carbon economy in 2050 that foresees a reduction of at least 80 % of GHGs by 2050 compared to 1990. Their thinking is that transforming transport behavior and transport demand could achieve not only lower emissions but, at the same time, offer opportunities either to build a more resilient transport system and services under climate change or to develop more flexible social and economic practices that could better accommodate eventual disruptions in the transport system. Some countries (e.g., France and Germany)
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Pot Key ential words Adaptatio Transpor climate c Europe n tation hange A-84 TCRP A-41: Literature Review
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-85 Citation Filosa, Gina and Alexandra Oster. 2015. International Practices on Climate Adaptation in Transportation: Findings from a Virtual Review. Volpe, Washington D.C. Website/Source http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/climate_change/adaptation/publications_and_tools/inte rnational_practices/fhwahep15011.pdf; NSN 7540‐01‐280‐5500 Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X Document Type Report Intended Audience Transportation planners, asset managers, design engineers, and policy makers. Abstract "The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-86 practices that could be implemented in the United States to help advance the development and implementation of adaptation strategies." (p. 1) Context "The activities of the international transportation agencies included in this review offer valuable insights into how to transportation agencies globally are beginning to adapt infrastructure to anticipated climate change impacts. The cost of adapting the transportation network to climate change is much greater than the funding currently available for adaptation. Additionally, each agency faces similar uncertainties in terms of climate models, unknown future carbon emission levels, and the timing and extent of anticipated impacts." (p. 28)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-87 Citation Wise, David J. 2014. PUBLIC TRANSIT Federal and Transit Agencies Taking Steps to Build Transit Systems' Resilience but Face Challenges. GAO‐15‐159 (Washington, D.C.: Dec 10, 2014) . Website/Source http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO‐15‐159 Focus Area(s)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-88 Topics Covered "In response to the risks posed by man‐made and natural disasters, such as acts of terrorism and severe weather over the past decade the federal government has emphasized the need to improve the resilience of the nation's critical infrastructure." (p. 5) This report examined the effectiveness of the activities of DHS and DOT to assist transit agencies with resiliency and provided: a summary of the federal policies that address resilience in the context of homeland security and natural disasters a review of the funding assistance available to transit agencies for resilience activities from DHS and DOT a summation of the variety of actions transit agencies take to make their transit systems resilient a summation of the most frequently cited challenges transit agencies face improving the resiliency of their systems including: o placing priority on resilience o with certain aspects of grant programs concluding observations Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization "The Government Accountability Office was requested by the US Congress to review transit system resilience to catastrophic events. The Government Accountability Office, the audit, evaluation, and investigative arm of Congress, exists to support Congress in meeting its constitutional responsibilities and to help improve the performance and accountability of the federal government for the American people." (p. 42)
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From page 89... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-89 facilities or transit assets to help ensure continuity of service if a portion of a system or facility is damaged during catastrophic event." (p. 22) GAO was also told of a variety of challenges that make it difficult for transit agencies to place priority on resilience activities. The most frequently cited challenges include: 1.
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From page 90... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-90 damage and replacement costs. This transit agency uses cover boards to protect the electrified third rail that supply power to its trains. Hurricane winds ripped off cover boards in some places, which prompted them to look for better solutions to protect the third rail. As a result, newly designed cover boards where installed that allow winds to flow through the cover, rather than catch the wind -- thus allowing the cover boards and the third rail to better withstand hurricane winds." (p. 25‐26) "Philadelphia's SEPTA changed its roadside curbs and subway vents to reduce subway flooding. Subway flooding occurs, in part, because water accumulates near roadside curbs that have deteriorated, thus allowing water to enter vents that provide air to the underground train system. To remedy the problem, the transit agency raised curbs or vents throughout the city to minimize water flow into the vents. Prior to implementing this renovation, the transit agency had previously relied on a strategy of covering vents susceptible to flooding with plywood and sand bags in advance of large storms, but this process was labor intensive and dependent on how much time was available before a storm." (p. 26)
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From page 91... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-91 geography, types of risks and transit modes. Consideration should be given to ensure challenges and opportunities unique to small and mid‐sized transit agencies are not overlooked in further study. Additional Comments Key GAO staff involved with this report should be interviewed and the transit agencies identified in the report considered for case studies. Essential Vocabulary The report contained the following definitions: "Resilience is the capability to prepare for, respond to, recover from, and mitigate the risk of catastrophic events." (p. 2) "The Federal Transit Administration (FTA)
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From page 92... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-92 Citation Report: New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance. 2014. Stakeholder Engagement Report: Transportation. Climate Change Preparedness in New Jersey. Edited by Jon Carnegie. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University. Website/Source http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman‐lister/resource‐pdfs/119‐transportation/file Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X X X Document Type Current Practice Scan and Report Intended Audience State and local decision‐making officials Abstract The NJ Climate Adaptation Alliance requested a transportation sector report on the current state of practice in the state on climate adaptation activities within transportation agencies. The report identifies a list of recommendations that transportation sector agencies may implement within their agency to enhance, improve and address climate change and to begin the process of incorporating such issues into business practices. Populations Referenced Transportation agencies and decision makers. Topics Covered Background on the transportation sector in New Jersey; The approach used to conduct this practice scan to include description of those agencies the study team consulted with and invited to participate; A summary of findings based on the interviews conducted and the challenges encountered during the process; and Author insights on the following topics.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-93 and divergent opinions of climate change and its potential impacts among political leaders, makes climate preparedness planning and adaptation in New Jersey a significant challenge. Though, context of climate change may allow for solutions. Tools No tools were presented Noteworthy Aspects To address climate change, there was a need to couch the conversation in terms of extreme weather events. Climate change language was a non‐starter for some agencies. The report provides a great introductory view on the topics which need to be discussed at the agency level.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-94 Essential Vocabulary N/A Potential Keywords Climate Change Recommendations Mitigation Challenges Policy Planning Maintenance
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-95 Citation Jacob, K., C. Rosenzweig, R. Horton, D. Major, and V. Gornitz. 2008. MTA Adaptations to Climate Change: A Categorical Imperative. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. New York City, New York. Website/Source http://web.mta.info/sustainability/pdf/Jacob_et%20al_MTA_Adaptation_Final_0309.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X x x x x Document Type Research/planning white paper Intended Audience MTA Blue Ribbon Commission Abstract An independent study outlining the necessary steps MTA should be taking to address climate change for later selected use by the MTA Blue Ribbon Commission as it develops its final report. Populations Referenced Stakeholders (including jurisdictions)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-96 operations vis‐à‐vis climate change; the implementation of these policies will require, in turn, agency‐wide vulnerability assessments of… physical assets and operations; an engineering based feasibility assessment of remediation options with estimates of the economic, environmental, and social costs and benefits associated with the various risk reduction measures; [Agency] actions may require extensive cooperation and integration with other stakeholders, agencies, governments, communities and planning organizations." (p. 4)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-97 o By 2015, MTA Should establish a pre‐disaster plan for post‐disaster redevelopment in coordination with stakeholders; Close coordination with "many stakeholders and jurisdictions in the NYC metro region, based on risk assessment and feasibility‐, engineering and financial studies that need to be performed at various degrees of detail commensurate with the importance of the issues at stake." (p. 18) o Establish a checklist for mitigation projects which identifies how the project effects short and long‐term planning horizons; The study outlines detailed list of potential impacts as well as short, mid and long‐term solutions to those impacts addressing all modes. As just one example, the study outlines 8 temporary/short‐term fixes, 4 mid to long‐term options, and 6 long‐term ideas just to address NYC subways and Staten Island Railway. These do not include options for bus operations, Metro‐North and Long Island Rail Road, and bridges and tunnels, etc.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-98 Overall, the paper seems to accomplish its goal of providing significant background for the Blue Ribbon Panel to pull information from to craft their report. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary Adaptation Assessment Recommendations Integration Planning Policy Potential Keywords N/A
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-99 Citation U.S. Department of Transportation. 2011. "Policy Statement on Climate Change Adaptation." U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington D.C. Website/Source http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/climate_change/adaptation/policy_and_guidance/usdot policy.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X Document Type Policy Intended Audience DOT modal transit administrators. Abstract USDOT Climate Adaptation Policy per EO 13514 outlining that the US DOT will integrate and consider climate change impacts into its planning, policies operations and programs at DOT. Populations Referenced DOT modal transit administrators. Topics Covered Federal stance on agency requirement to address climate change into business practices. Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization Federal Geographic Distribution Applicable to DOT modal administrations. Type of Transit Mode(s)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-100 impacts. Decision Question The US DOT is issuing the policy statement in response to EO 13514. A decision is not really being made but recognizing the EO and outlining how the agency will address it. Decision Maker DOT transit administrators, transit agencies Relevance Document outlines USDOT Guiding Principles to include: Adopt integrated approaches; Prioritize the most vulnerable; Use best available science; Build strong partnerships; Apply risk management methods and tools; Apply ecosystem‐based approaches; Maximize mutual benefit; and Continuously evaluate performance. (p. 2) Status N/A Critical Assessment Overall, it provides a basis as to why we're doing this project. Perhaps information could be gleaned for the intro section of the synthesis report but won't help too much with the detail. An interesting note which I haven't seen too much of in other documents is the application of eco‐system‐based approaches. Per the policy statement "Integrating the protection of biodiversity and ecosystem services into adaptation strategies will increase resilience of human and natural systems to climate and non‐climate risks…" (p. 2)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-101 Citation Bolich, R. 2013. "Planning for Climate Change Adaptation: How Does the MTA Compare? " Columbia University. New York, NY. Website/Source https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:174906/CONT ENT/rrb2137_thesis.pdf Focus Area(s)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-102 "New Jersey Transit (NJT) is a statewide public transit agency and the largest statewide transit agency in the United States. It operates light rail, commuter rail, and bus service and is the third busiest transit provider in the country." (p.14)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-103 Revise agency storm operating protocols Standardize storm category designations Formalize interagency coordination/notification plans Develop a bus service alternative plan Coordinate interagency service alternatives Standardize procedures for communicating with operating personnel, customers and other external stakeholders Dramatically improve customer information Develop capacity for near to real‐time email and text messaging service alerts Provide cell phone service on subway platforms Increase website capacity, clarity, and access to service alerts Improve communication between ops centers and field personnel Advance public address and video screens technologies to better communicate with customers in system Expand MTA's current inventory of wireless video displays Conduct six‐month progress review" (p. 20) The paper identifies incorporation of adaptation into asset management through simply addressing climate change through adapting the replacement infrastructure at the end of its life cycle. As of this paper, NY MTA, NJ Transit, WMATA and Hampton Roads Transit had an adaptation related document. The findings show NY MTA is well ahead of other agencies in addressing the first three components of the criteria. However, it lacks a plan to address future impacts of flooding. Hampton Roads scored the second highest through the FHWA pilot study. However, adoption of the findings and incorporation into the agency planning. It detailed the impacts of flooding to infrastructure. Overall, no agency had a climate change adaptation plan. Captivating Value The paper uses research to outline that adaptation planning filters down from higher level agencies (e.g. federal regulations and decisions affect planning at local levels)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-104 Relevance Outlines use of asset management to address climate change; Identifies potential case studies for those agencies who have addressed adaptation; and Identifies one bets practices for starting to address climate change. Status N/A Critical Assessment The thesis outlines the current state of practice among public transportation agencies along the eastern part of the US resulting in the identification of a best practice to be used to begin the process of addressing climate change by transportation agencies. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary "Adaptation to climate change, as defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-105 Citation New York City Metropolitan Transit Authority. 2009. Greening Mass Transit and Metro Region: The Final Report of the Blue Ribbon Commission on Sustainability and the MTA. Metropolitan Transit Authority. New York City, NY. Website/Source http://web.mta.info/sustainability/pdf/SustRptFinal.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X x x x Document Type Agency Report Intended Audience MTA including leadership Abstract A final report from a commission, initially charged in 2007, to develop a series of recommendations for MTA to follow in an effort to enhance sustainability through reduction in carbon footprint and energy consumption. Populations Referenced MTA, State of New York, Federal Government, State of Connecticut, county and local governments. Topics Covered Energy/Carbon Facilities Smart Growth/Transit‐Oriented Development Materials Flow, Water Management; and Climate Adaptation Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization Metropolitan Transportation Authority Geographic Distribution What geographic area does this document address?
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-106 The MTA should implement a Climate Adaptation Resiliency Evaluation procedure (CARE) , which would be activated when any new projects or major alterations are undertaken where critical structural components are located in present or potential coastal surge flood zones." (p. 11)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-107 cell‐accessible by 2014. In addition, personnel at Long Island Rail Road, Metro‐North Railroad and Bridges and Tunnels were equipped with additional communications devices to ensure communication redundancy in emergencies." (p. 58) Captivating Value The recommendations for climate change are broken into "transformational" (or business practices)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-108 Citation Zeppie, Christopher. Unknown. "Adapting to Climate Change: Practical Strategies at the Port Authority." Presented to the New York Shipping Association. Website/Source https://www.panynj.gov/about/pdf/NYSA‐Adaptation‐Presentation.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X X X Document Type Presentation Intended Audience New York Shipping Association and PANYNJ Stakeholders. Abstract The presentation outlines the efforts the PANYNJ has been undertaking to address climate change. These efforts include policy Populations Referenced Tenants at ports, customers which utilize PANYNJ assets and systems. Topics Covered Sustainability Policy Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization N/A Geographic Distribution Multistate authority in urban area with large resources and assets in the New York‐New Jersey area. Type of Transit Mode(s)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-109 o Funding and budgeting (Outlined further in presentation specific to PANYNJ) ; o Politics; o Geographic and Operation Boundaries; o Technology and Research; and o Immediate Problem.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-110 Citation Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2012. "Climate Action and Adaptation Plan." Los Angeles, CA. Website/Source http://media.metro.net/projects_studies/sustainability/images/Climate_Action_Plan.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X X Document Type Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Intended Audience LCMTA Stakeholders Abstract Acknowledging climate change is occurring, LCMTA is working to establish a plan to further reduce GHG as well as prepare for and address the potential impacts of climate change on the agencies assets and services. The intent is to utilize the plan to prioritize efforts to reduce GHG emissions and to develop a process for addressing likely climate change impacts on the agency's system. The climate adaptation study does not provide concrete recommendations, only focuses on agency assets and focuses on system and line level assets. Populations Referenced Customers, Employees Topics Covered Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Asset Identification; Climate change projections; Vulnerability analysis; and Identification of adaptation strategies.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-111 temperature change) Additionally outline system impacts based on these projections. This may be supported by historical events such as periods of extreme heat, intense storms, etc. 3.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-112 Relevance This is one of the only climate action plans for a transit agency found by the research team. It was finalized prior to the FTA pilot project being completed providing a chance for furthering already established method for proceeding. Status See FTA Pilot Study as a follow‐up to this study. Critical Assessment The plan states it's to provide a process and not definitive recommendations. It provides a great outline of GHG emission reduction planning that has occurred at the agency and a way forward to begin addressing climate change. Additional Comments It would be interesting to see how LCMTA moved from this project into its pilot suggesting a complete asset inventory is too arduous but many pilot project recommend addressing climate change through the asset management system. Essential Vocabulary "For this analysis, "criticality" has been determined in a simple and qualitative manner: "critical" services and assets are those that are essential to transporting Metro's customers. Essentially, we ask the question, "If this service or asset were removed from the transit system, would the transit system be fundamentally different? " A critical service or asset would be extremely difficult or costly to replace or to substitute." (p. 38)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-113 Citation Rose, D., Isaac, L., Shah, K., Blake, T. 2012. Asset Management Guide: Focusing on the Management of Transit Investments. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Washington, D.C. FTA Report No. 0027. Website/Source https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/48963/OHAR‐DISSERTATION‐2013.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X Document Type Partial fulfillment for dissertation and research document. Intended Audience Transportation agencies Abstract "This research develops a risk‐oriented decision‐making framework to identify vulnerable, higher‐ risk transportation infrastructure assets within the context of existing transportation asset management systems. The framework assesses the relative maturity of an agency's transportation asset management system and provides guidance as to how an agency's existing tools and processes can be used to incorporate climate change considerations. This risk‐based decision‐making framework is applied to three case studies: one at the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, another at the Metropolitan Planning Commission in Savannah – Chatham County, and a statewide case study at the Georgia Department of Transportation." (p. xxii)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-114 3. Apply this methodology to case study agencies at the local, metropolitan and statewide level, and 4.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-115 The paper outlines types of risk applications to the asset management systems agencies may use. o Performance‐based Step 1: "gather all relevant stakeholders so they can determine a definition for infrastructure performance that is based on societal, cultural, and technical values." (p. 56)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-116 It provides a good outline of the benefits and considerations of using the tools outlined within the literature researched for the paper. The considerations include those tools and models used for prioritization and project management. The paper outlines some examples where risk application is utilized with the asset management system through identifying trademark products as well as other studies conducted. Specific examples mentioned in this section of the paper are Edmonton, Canada and England's Department for Transportation in which a scoring criterion was used to assign risk to assets. An example of the criteria for England DfT is outlined in Table 5 on Page 74. The paper provides some details about MARTAs criticality assessment. Captivating Value The paper provides a methodology for incorporating climate change considerations into the asset management system. "After assessing the maturity of the asset management systems, this methodology involves four primary steps. First, a criticality assessment determines what transportation infrastructure assets are most critical to a given transportation network. Secondly, potential climate change impacts for a particular geographic region assist in the identification of climate stressors. Given the uncertainty of climate projections, climate projections identify plausible future trends, and temperature and precipitation scenarios. Third, using GIS, critical transportation infrastructure is spatially superimposed over various climate stressors and scenarios. Lastly, the most vulnerable, i.e. critical and susceptible to potential climate change impacts, transportation infrastructure assets are identified. These assets can be strategically targeted for additional analysis and potential adaptation activities." (p. 108)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-117 Decision Question N/A Decision maker N/A Relevance The paper outlines significant literature which much has been considered under this effort. It provides a good outline foo the potential useful resources as well as possible case studies. It primarily focuses on asset management and relates closely to the MARTA FTA pilot study. It also briefly touches on other areas of interest. Status N/A Critical Assessment The literature review addresses or capture much of the information the project is working to complete. The author is guide by Dr. Amekudzi, the author of the MARTA pilot project. Though some additional information is included with more detail, the overall paper has a close relationship to the asset management aspects of the MARTA final report. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary Risk: Effect of uncertainty on objectives Uncertainty: Inherent component of the decision‐making process when choices are made based on incomplete knowledge Criticality: Relative importance of transportation infrastructure assets based upon user‐ defined criteria Vulnerability: Those transportation infrastructure assets that are identified as both highly‐ critical and susceptible to higher‐risk climate change impacts Potential Keywords "UK's National Health Service released a Heatwave Plan for England that specifically discusses impacts on transportation infrastructure and railway infrastructure in particular (Department of Health 2011)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-118 Citation Robert, W., V Reeder, K
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-119 Motivations Management Plan (TAMP) that can be used by transit agencies seeking to achieve SGR, to comply with the requirements of MAP‐21 and provide a consistent level of service to passengers. Although resiliency is not addressed specifically in the document, the goal to provide a consistent level of service by reducing interruptions resulting from asset failure is consistent with the objectives for improving the overall resiliency of a system. Context See Goals and Motivations Tools The document introduces and provides step‐by‐step instructions on the use of the Transit Asset Prioritization Tool (TAPT)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-120 vehicle prevents the vehicle from completing a scheduled revenue trip or starting the next scheduled revenue trip. For other assets, the term refers to the catastrophic failure of the asset requiring its replacement." (p. 5) "However, a transit agency may consider other factors that are difficult to incorporate in a lifecycle cost calculation, including environmental concerns such as severe weather events. Since the primary goal of most transit agencies is to provide a consistent level of service by reducing interruptions, improving the resiliency of its assets through asset management planning support the mission of the agency." (p. 5)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-121 Citation Meyer, M., Amekudzi, A., O'Har, J. 2009. Transportation Asset Management Systems and Climate Change: An Adaptive Systems Management Approach. Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting CD‐ROM. Transportation Research Board. Washington, D.C. Website/Source http://people.ce.gatech.edu/aa103/Asset%20Management‐10‐2734.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X Document Type Research Document Intended Audience Transportation Agencies Abstract The purpose of this paper is to provide information on how to utilize asset management systems to address climate change through its incorporation into the system. To support the research, the paper outlines international examples where climate change has already been incorporated into transportation agencies. Populations Referenced Transportation Agencies, State Agencies, Transport for London, London Underground and Transit New Zealand Topics Covered Climate Change Impacts to Infrastructure & Adaptive Strategies; Asset Management Process; International Examples/Case Studies; and Recommendations towards adoption.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-122 The document outlines a generic asset management system describing seven elements: Goals and policies, Asset Inventory, Condition assessment/performance monitoring (modeling) , Alternatives analysis/program optimization, Short/long range plans, Program implementation, and Performance monitoring. The paper identifies that condition assessment and performance modeling as the most important piece to fully incorporating climate change into the asset management system.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-123 consideration of alternative approaches given an assets vulnerability. Alternatives analysis and program optimization should utilize scenarios and include the understanding of uncertainty surrounding climate change data. Short and long‐range plans would outline the strategies to address climate change while being flexible to change as planning horizons increase. Program implementation addresses the actual changes being made (e.g. retrofit, rehab, etc.) . Captivating Value The document identifies that several state agencies that have begun to process, including 8 which have made progress in completing adaptation plans. Additionally, the document identifies New York City as one of the cities moving forward on a more local level. Internationally, the UK (specifically, Transport for London & London Underground)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-124 additional consideration. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary N/A Potential Keywords N/A
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-125 Citation Meyer, M. Undated. Design Standards for U.S. Transportation Infrastructure: The Implications of Climate Change. Georgia Institute of Technology. Website/Source http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sr/sr290Meyer.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X Document Type Research Document Intended Audience Transportation agencies Abstract An examination of the design standards in the face of climate change. With a focus on the engineering process, the paper looks at the implications of heat, precipitation, water, wind, storm surge and waves in the short and long term. Overall, the authors determined there is a need for more inclusive perspectives during the engineering and design process to include considerations of potential climate impacts. "The purpose of this paper as defined by the organizing committee was to ‘provide a broad conceptual framework for the possible role and objectives of standards and guidelines for the planning, design and construction of the transportation infrastructure under the assumption that climate change is occurring and will impact U.S. transportation.' " (p. 2)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-126 2. Identify geographic areas in a jurisdiction that have particular sensitivity to changes in climate, such as coastal or low‐lying areas.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-127 The paper also outlined other options outside of design standards to address climate change. 1. Addressing land use in general to avoid risk all together.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-128 standards that reflect potential climate change‐induced environmental conditions could be very long. This further suggests that the research needed to lay the ground work for such changes needs to be done even earlier than this." (p. 14) One way to think about the problem of designing bridges with a long lifecycle but to build infrastructure with a shorter design life. For example, instead of building a bridge to last 100 years, build it to last 50 years. However, the tradeoff is the realization of climate change. If environmental conditions do not change, then there is a cost incurred. Decision Question The author poses several questions and then digs in with some descriptions of how one may address the question. One question posed by the author was how to consider climate change impacts in structures with decades to more than a century lifetime. Another includes how to account for interdependent systems. Decision Maker Transportation Agencies Relevance This research paper is relevant to the design standard area of focus and provides a good foundation for considerations necessary to address climate change. Status N/A Critical Assessment The paper provides a good connection for those with knowledge about design standards but not about climate change but also vice versa. It's a great introductory piece but it lacks some agency level actionable items to begin the process for considering climate change. It outlines that it needs to be considered as part of the design process and why but what are the concrete steps for that to occur?
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-129 Citation Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2007. August 8, 2007 Storm Report. Appendix 3: Benchmarking Study: Discussion of Storm Impacts, Summary of Findings prepared by Region II, University Transportation Research Center. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. New York City, NY Website/Source http://web.mta.info/mta/pdf/storm_report_2007.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X Document Type Agency Report Intended Audience City of New York government, MTA Abstract The objective was "To consider MTA operations during the unanticipated storm of August 8, 2007 and whether they were within the bounds of Good Practice." (PDF p. 113 – p. 1 of Appendix 3)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-130 but they do not follow a single national or international standard to address floods. Some are designed for 50 year storms while others 100 year storms. Several systems have SOPs for flood events. Most use pumps as its initial line of defense although Transport for London and Tokyo have flood gates. MTAs response was: Consistent with peer agencies; Followed accepted protocols; Did not communicate the response to the community well; and Did not have an adequate plan for using bus bridges; MTA protocols should ensure: "All primary pumps and redundant and backup pumps must be in full working order, and routinely tested to insure full capacity can be met. All drainage paths must be kept clear. Redundancy must be assured in the most critical stations and points along the ROW.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-131 Pumping Water Communication
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-132 Citation Dawson, S. Incorporating Disaster Response Management into Asset Management. Transit State of Good Repair Conference. March 11, 2015, Washington D.C. Port Authority of NY & NJ. Website/Source Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X X Document Type Conference Presentation Intended Audience Transit Agencies Abstract The PANYNJ strategy to address resiliency through asset management and emergency management. Populations Referenced Businesses, customers, airports, marine terminals, and regional transportation partners. Topics Covered Asset Management Emergency Preparedness, Response and Recovery Design Standards Implemented Adaptation Strategies Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Geographic Distribution The PANYNJ is a bi‐state agency with various assets and connections to other transit agencies including MTA and NJTransit in the Ney York City region. Type of Transit Mode(s)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-133 In preparing for a disaster, the PANYNJ have developed emergency plans for coastal storms and continuity of operations plans. The agency regularly participates in training and exercises and specifically in response to Sandy, pre‐purchased resources such as power generators, sand bags and barriers to reduce risk and minimize effects of the storm on its system. The presentation outlines mitigation planning steps to include focus on most critical assets, expediting projects which incorporate resiliency, and strengthen relationships with stakeholders. The agency updated its design standards to address climate events. Guidelines include: complying with resiliency codes, identification of critical infrastructure, consideration of local, state and federal recommendations, and considerations for climate change. The guidelines include a "clear definition of flood risk to an asset." (Slide 17) . Additionally, mitigation strategies have been developed in consultation with the agencies OEM. Strategies will have a cost‐benefit analysis performed when considering project and the final prelim design will "establish appropriate flood protection levels." (Slide 17)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-134 Citation Sutley, N. 2010. Memorandum Re: Draft NEPA Guidance on Consideration of the Effects of Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. U.S. Council on Environmental Quality. Washington, D.C. Website/Source https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ceq/20100218‐nepa‐consideration‐ effects‐ghg‐draft‐guidance.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X Document Type Government Memorandum Intended Audience Federal Agencies, Public Abstract Draft guidance for federal agency head regarding the considerations of GHG and climate change in their evaluation for proposals. "This draft guidance is intended to help explain how agencies of the Federal government should analyze the environmental effects of GHG emissions and climate change when they describe the environmental effects of a proposed agency action in accordance with Section 102 of NEPA and the CEQ Regulations for Implementing the Procedural Provisions of NEPA, 40 C.F.R. parts 1500‐1508. This draft guidance affirms the requirements of the statute and regulations and their applicability to GHGs and climate change impacts." (p. 1)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-135 The document identifies land‐use policy as lacking federal control which plays a critical part in land and resource management. But at the same time can be applied to support GHG reduction and reduce risk to climate change. The document has a GHG focus. Captivating Value "In some cases, discussion of climate change effects in an EA or EIS may warrant a separate section, while in others such discussion may be integrated into the broader discussion of the affected environment." (p. 7) "Climate change effects should be considered in the analysis of projects that are designed for long‐term utility and located in areas that are considered vulnerable to specific effects of climate change (such as increasing sea level or ecological change)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-136 Citation Weick, K.E. and K.M. Sutcliffe. 2007. Managing the Unexpected: Resilient Performance in an Age of Uncertainty. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. San Francisco, CA. Website/Source ISBN 978‐0‐7879‐9649‐9 Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X Document Type Management handbook on principles and practices of resiliency with extensive case studies and organizational self‐assessment checklists Intended Audience Practitioners and managers in many different fields, particularly those involving operations and maintenance, and where safety and reliability are important. Abstract Managing the Unexpected is a guide for learning the hard‐won lessons of high reliability organizations (HROs)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-137 require positive response on readiness from all. Type of Vulnerability Specifically addresses wildfire firefighting operations as case studies; principles and practices pertain to all types of vulnerabilities Goals and Motivations HROs operate in complex environments with high consequences for failure – comparable to most transit agencies. The goal was to identify principles and practices that HROs follow that could be emulated by other organizations to improve their safety and resilience. Context HROs practice resilience and preparedness as an everyday mindfulness cultural context‐ constantly alert to small problems that could be indicators of larger problems; therefore are prepared for basically any scale of disaster. Safety is the highest priority for cited HROs, within the context of performing their demanding jobs. Tools Chapter 5 includes a series of self‐audits to ascertain the organization's resilience, as follows: Audit 1: A starting point for assessing your firm's mindfulness Audit 2: Assessing your firm's vulnerability to mindlessness Audit 3: Assessing where mindfulness is most required Audit 4: Assessing your firm's preoccupation with failure Audit 5:Assessing your firm's reluctance to simplify Audit 6:Assessing your firm's sensitivity to operations Audit 7: Assessing your firm's commitment to resilience Audit 8: Assessing the deference to expertise in your firm Audit 9: The Mindfulness Organizing Scale Chapter 7 includes questions for After Action Reports as well as "Small Wins" – specific suggestions with elaborations‐ on topics including: the basics of mindfulness (e.g., balance centralization with decentralization) ; development of a preoccupation with failure (e.g., create awareness of vulnerability, define the near miss)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-138 3) "Plans presume that consistent high‐quality outcomes will be produced time after time if people repeat patterns of activity that have worked in the past. The problem with this logic is that routines can't handle novel events." (p. 67)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-139 want to make 2. Reluctance to simplify – labels and categories likely to gloss over early warning signs; need for specificity in the concepts used to detect small failures 3.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-140 behavior…That line is crucial because it separates unacceptable behavior that deserves disciplinary action from acceptable behavior for which punishment is not appropriate and the potential for learning is considerable." (p. 131) o "Flexible culture: how readily people can adapt to sudden and radical increments in pressure, pacing and intensity." (p. 126)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-141 Essential Vocabulary Culture is how we do things around here and what we expect around here. (p. 115) Conceptual slack: "refers to a divergence in organizational members' analytical perspectives about the organization's technology or production processes, a willingness to question what is happening rather than feign understanding, and greater usage of respectful interaction to accelerate and enrich the exchange of information." (p. 73)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-142 Citation Roberts, H. Retting, R., Webb, T., Colleary, A., Turner, B., Wang, X., Toussaint, R., Simpson, G., and C. White. 2015. TCRP Report 174: Improving Safety Culture in Public Transportation. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Website/Source http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_174.pdf Focus Area(s)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-143 7. Best Practices 8.
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Sta Cri Ass Ad Com Ess Vo Pot Key tus tical essment ditional ments ential cabulary ential words As is note This repor way they details. N/A The autho Disaster p Post‐disas Transport Disaster p d in the repo t is well writt summarized rs wrote in a reparedness ter recovery resiliency lanning rt, efforts at en and could key findings w generally ap A-144 resiliency are serve as goo ithin chapte proachable m ongoing and d example f rs and used anner. are increme or our report appendices t TCRP A-41: ntal across a , especially g o provide fur Literature Review ll modes. iven the ther
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-145 Citation Excalibur Associates, Inc. Unknown. "Security and Emergency Management: An Information Briefing for Executives and Senior Leaders of State Department of Transportation." Website/Source http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/security/emergencymgmt/profcapacitybldg/docs/hsemexecsrrleaders/ hsem_srexecs.pdf or http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/security/emergencymgmt/profcapacitybldg/docs/hsemexecsrrleaders/ hsem_srexecs.cfm Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X Document Type Presentation for educational/informative purposes Intended Audience State DOT senior officials/executives. Abstract The presentation was developed to provide an overview of emergency management concepts and policies to senior leaders at state DOTs to provide highlights of transportations responsibilities in the field of emergency preparedness and security. The intent was to address perceptions at DOTs that they have no responsibilities and to provide information with those who have limited knowledge about the roles of DOTs in emergency management and security. Populations Referenced Executives and Senior Leaders Topics Covered • "Emergency Management; • Emergency Operations Plans; • National Response Framework; • Emergency Support Function 1, Transportation; • National Incident Management System; • Incident Command System; • Operations Centers; • Obtaining Resources; • Organizing a State Emergency Management Program; • Leadership; and, • Resource Materials." (p. 2)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-146 Motivations emergency management and to outline some of those responsibilities defined by the federal government. Context Provides applicable practices and information transit agencies should be aware of to address emergency management. Tools No tools were outlined, but ICS and NIMS are policies agencies should review. Noteworthy Aspects The presentation outlines the phases of emergency management (Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery) which each in its own right plays into climate adaptation planning and activities for transit agencies.
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From page 147... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-147 • Conducted and participated in exercises to test plans and validate training; and, • Incorporated lessons learned into plans and training." (p. 53) Decision Question Process for incorporating emergency management into an agency Decision Maker All stakeholders with a role in supporting emergency incidents. Relevance The document really shows the needs for transit agencies to be proactive, in coordination with stakeholders, in planning for future events, including the impacts of extreme weather. It is particularly of relevance in outlining the phases of emergency management which correlate closely to the climate adaptation planning. In addition, establishment of successful plans itself is an adaptation strategy in itself to increase resilience and the ability to recover faster from an event. Status N/A Critical Assessment The presentation meets its purpose and provides a great overview of emergency management for those less familiar with the field of study; in particular, the phases of emergency management, organization and the Incident Command System. It further highlights the involvement expected of transportation agencies under the NRF. However, some solutions for incorporating emergency management into agency organization may be applicable to DOTs only. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary • Incidents: "An incident is an occurrence, regardless of cause, that requires response actions to prevent or minimize loss of life, or damage to property and/or the environment." (p. 35)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-148 Citation Kevin L. Chandler and Pamela J. Sutherland. 2013. Response and Recovery for Declared Emergencies and Disasters: A Resource Document for Transit Agencies. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration. Website/Source http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/Response_and_Recovery_for_Declared_Emergencies_and_Di sasters_062813.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X Document Type Resource Document Intended Audience Transit agencies Abstract Prepared by the Federal Transit Administration's (FTA)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-149 securing waivers of regulation, funding, and reimbursement for restoring services and rebuilding their systems, following a declared emergency or disaster. It applies to all modes of transit and to all types of declared emergencies and disasters (p. 1‐3) This resource document does not address emergency preparedness or emergency management for transit agencies, nor does it provide information for developing or executing emergency response plans or procedures (p. 1‐3)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-150 1) The Governor of a state has declared an emergency and the Secretary of Transportation has concurred; or 2)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-151 restoration; evaluation of the incident to identify lessons learned; post‐incident reporting; and development of initiatives to mitigate the effects of future incidents. 2) Those capabilities necessary to assist communities affected by an incident to recover effectively, including but not limited to, rebuilding infrastructure systems; providing adequate interim and long‐term housing for survivors; restoring health, social, and community services; promoting economic development; and restoring natural and cultural resources. Reimbursement: A mechanism to recoup funds expended for incident‐specific activities.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-152 Potential Keywords Federal Transit Administration Office of Safety and Security Emergency response and recovery Disaster response and recovery
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-153 Citation Man, J, A Misra, and A
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-154 temporary or prolonged disabling of the subway system due to the various hazards studied. What are the transit agencies?
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-155 Citation Radow, L.J. and L. Neudorff. 2011. "Transportation Adaptation's Bearing on Planning, Systems Management, Operations and Emergency Response." Transportation Research Circular: Adapting Transportation to the Impacts of Climate Change. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Number E‐C152, pp. 47‐54. Website/Source ISSN 0097‐8515 Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X Document Type Research Intended Audience Practitioners, MPOs, State DOTs Abstract The paper outlines the impacts of incorporating climate change on systems management, operations and emergency response. In following up to a series of recommendations by a variety of entities to incorporate climate change into long‐term planning and near‐term operational decisions, the paper supports the anticipated efforts MPOs and DOTs will be undertaking. Populations Referenced Customers Topics Covered Operations and the impacts of climate change including travel for customers. Monitoring for climate change and impacts. Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization N/A Geographic Distribution National Type of Transit Mode(s)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-156 (p. 49) As part of operations, the paper highlights the importance of customer communications. Identification of monitoring needs. (p. 50)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-157 As part of emergency planning, the paper identifies the need for evacuation planning through establishing evacuation routes and contraflow plans and rethinking proper life‐safety messages to the public. Captivating Value The paper identifies the need for operational elements and planners of an agency coordinate to be sure investments reflect full considerations including climate change. Boston MPO provides a good example of infrastructure planning where climate change was considered. The first objective in this example identifies projects that "include adaptation measures to protect against climate change impacts." The second objective focuses on the "protection (sic) transportation infrastructure from natural hazards and climate change impacts." Decision Question N/A Decision Maker N/A Relevance Paper addresses operational impacts, emergency planning and monitoring assets and climate data.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-158 Citation John Renne. "Evacuation Planning for Vulnerable Populations: Lessons from the New Orleans City Assisted Evacuation Plan," Chapter 8 in Resilience and Opportunity: Lessons from the U.S. Gulf Coast after Katrina and Rita, Edited by Amy Liu, Roland Anglin, Richard Mizelle and Allison Plyer, Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, pp. 120‐130, 2011. Website/Source N/A Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X Document Type Book chapter Intended Audience • Researchers • Emergency managers • Transportation professionals Abstract This book chapter examines evacuation planning for carless and vulnerable populations across the United States and examines federal policy. It provides a case study of the New Orleans City Assisted Evacuation Plan and then summarizes lessons for the inclusion of carless and vulnerable populations during disaster planning. Populations Referenced Vulnerable and carless populations Topics Covered Evacuation planning for carless and vulnerable populations Federal policy on emergency preparedness and evacuation planning Case study of New Orleans City Assisted Evacuation Plan (CAEP)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-159 Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness (GOHSEP) Captivating Value CAEP is one of the only public transit emergency evacuation plans that have been tested during a real storm. The chapter focuses on how this could be a model for other communities across the nation. Decision Question This chapter allows for identifying how carless and vulnerable populations can be accommodated during a mass evacuation. Decision Maker Transportation agencies Relevance Evacuation of vulnerable populations, as shown in New Orleans City, advocates a city assisted evacuation plan. This plan could be implemented as part of an overall transportation resiliency effort to ensure population safety in the case of emergency. Furthermore, these carless individuals need to be taken into consideration and found a reliable mode of transportation during a weather hazard to evacuate. Status N/A Critical Assessment No assessment developed Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary Carless evacuation City assisted evacuation plan Potential Keywords Carless evacuation City assisted evacuation plan
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-160 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS NOT CITED IN SYNTHESIS REPORT (ALPHABETICAL BY AUTHOR)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-161 Citation Amdal, James R. and Swigart, Stanley L., "Resilient Transportation Systems in a Post‐Disaster Environment: A Case Study of Opportunities Realized and Missed in the Greater New Orleans Region, (2010) . UNOTI Publications: Paper #5 http://scholarworks.uno.edu/unoti_pubs/5 Website/Source (http://scholarworks.uno.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-162 made disasters. Tools Case studies and lessons learned. Noteworthy Aspects See relevance section. Captivating Value The report documents how the Greater New Orleans Region has bolstered its resiliency in all modes of transport in both disaster evacuation and response post‐Katrina. This is of extreme importance to all regions subject to disasters in any form or fashion. Decision Question Disaster preparation and recovery are documented for the Greater New Orleans Region in the context of Hurricane Katrina. The report documents the importance of the Metropolitan Planning Organization as a key resource and facilitator to all levels of government Decision Maker At all levels of government (federal state, regional, local) . Relevance Documents both opportunities realized and missed prior to, during and after Hurricane Katrina struck the Greater New Orleans Region which devastated all modes of transportation. This event is especially relevant to disaster prone regions at the local, regional, national and international scale given this particular disaster was the costliest in history. Status As is noted in the report, efforts at resiliency are ongoing and incremental across all modes. Critical Assessment This documents both qualitative and quantitative measures to achieve resiliency at all scales in a post‐Katrina environment (80% of the City of New Orleans flooded when the flood protection system failed)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-163 Citation Document, American Public Transportation Association, 2013. Standards Development Program. Website/Source www.apta.com/resources/standards/variousdocuments/standardsbooklet2013.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X Document Type This document describes the standards development program of the American Public Transportation Association (APTA)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-164 committees, provides top ‐ level technical coordination and funding oversight. The council's specific charge is to: Establish priorities for standards programs at APTA, Coordinate the standards development activities of APTA's modal groups such as rail, bus, safety, ADA, procurement, etc., and; Develop and manage the standards annual work plan and budget. Members of the SDOC are drawn from the chairs of APTA standing committees and augmented by representatives of the Federal Transit Authority (FTA)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-165 create a process where transit systems share best practices increase and improves transit system/supplier communication make development of procurement specifications easier and less costly make legal defense more effective in liability cases help states establish/improve safety oversight programs provide much needed guidance to new start transit systems create opportunities for reliability/efficiency improvements decrease training costs Noteworthy Aspects There may be noteworthy aspects of future standards with regard to resilience, but none exist at the present time. Captivating Value This document describes the means and methods by which standards addressing resilience may be developed in the future. Decision Question What decision, if any, is being made? As noted above, APTA standards use the collective wisdom of the participants in a consensus process to provide a path or paths to a desired outcome. Decision Maker Development of standards is guided by the Standards Development and Oversight Council (SDOC)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-166 locations and conditions in which they operate. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary Consensus standards – standards developed through an iterative process that requires the concurrence of all participating stakeholders. Resilience – is not defined in this document.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-167 Citation Document: APTA, 2013. "Capital Asset Inventory and Condition Assessment – APTA SGR‐ TAM_RP_ 003_ 13 Website/Source http://www.apta.com/gap/fedreg/Documents/Capital_Asset_Inventory_Assessment.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X X Document Type This is a guidance document for managers of transit agencies of any size. It is most pertinent for agencies that have not already undertaken Asset Management initiatives. Intended Audience All transit agency managers, but especially those who have not started either an asset management initiative, or a state of good repair program. Abstract This document outlines the initial steps needed to create and/or improve asset management within a transit agency, regardless of transit agency size. It outlines how to manage capital assets from procurement to disposal (i.e., over the life cycle)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-168 Resilience is not in the vocabulary of this strategy. Tools This text reflects the matrix and process for establishing a capital asset inventory and determining its condition: Inventory assessment methodology ‐‐ (Developed by Chicago Regional Transportation Authority [RTA]
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-169 may necessitate changes to some of the condition ratings of the I/A. 10. Determine replacement costs (Cost to replace with new asset)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-170 Critical Assessment This document is another building block in the process that may eventually support inclusion of resilience standards as part of a transit industry state of good repair regime. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary Asset dynamics: Data that help predict the costs to maintain or improve an asset's condition over its life cycle. Asset management control: (undefined)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-171 Citation Document: APTA Standards Development Program, 2013, Recommended Practice, Creating a Transit Asset Management Program, APTA – SGR‐TAM – RP – 001‐13. Website/Source www.apta.com/documents/APTA/‐sgr‐tam‐rp‐001‐13.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X X Document Type This is a guidance document for use primarily by transit agency managers. Intended Audience Transit agency managers and unit leaders. It may have additional interest for transportation policy decision makers, academics, and other industry observers. Abstract This document, "Recommended Practice," introduces asset management in the context of the U.S. transit industry and provides basic steps and resources for an agency to begin an asset management program. Populations Referenced This document is intended for transit agency managers and their personnel. Topics Covered Why improve transit asset management.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-172 transit asset management program into which resilience could be addressed. Context There is no reference to resilience planning in this document. This document addresses asset management as a core strategic management process, along with risk management and performance management. APTA posits that these are agency‐wide management processes that together support the accomplishment of the entire agency's goals and objectives. An agency's strategic plan is the starting point for developing asset management policy, strategy and business plans because the strategic plan provides the vision, mission and values of the organization, along with organizational goals, policies and strategies. To be most effective, transit asset management activities should be integrated into existing strategic, business and operational management processes. Tools The document offers two metrics to encourage the use of asset management. The first presents the transit agency business benefits and the approach to manage agency assets. Transit Asset Management Benefits Transit Agency Business Benefits Asset Management Approach Improved customer service Improves on‐time performance and service operations. Improves vehicle and facility cleanliness. Reduces missed trips, slow orders and station shutdowns. Focuses investments around customer‐centered goals and metrics. Improved productivity and reduced costs Maintains assets more effectively, using condition‐based approaches and using predictive and preventive maintenance strategies (where these can be employed) to reduce costs while improving service delivery. Optimized resource allocation Better aligns spending with the agency's goals and objectives to obtain the greatest return on investment (ROI)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-173 based on different levels of funding. The steps for implementing a transit asset management program include the following: 1. Prepare for implementation: The starting point for developing a transit asset management program requires identifying the level of awareness and understanding of asset management within the agency. The agency can establish a foundation for the TAM improvement program by establishing a leadership and accountability framework and considering enablers. Enablers are supportive processes and activities that form the foundation of a successful TAM program. They include leadership and accountability, training, communications, values and culture, project management, and continuous improvement. Good, accurate data on assets will establish a solid foundation for the program, which in turn will generate sound and timely investment decisions, prioritization and planning. The resulting effect is a state of good repair (SGR)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-174 discussion of resilience in any of the guidance. The concept of resilience is just beginning to surface within the context of transit state of good repair and asset management. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary transit asset management: A strategic and systematic process through which a n organization procures, operates, maintains, rehabilitates and replaces transit assets to manage their performance, risks and costs over their lifecycles to provide safe, cost‐effective an d reliable service to current and future customers. Potential Keywords performance management transit asset management MAP‐21
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-175 Citation Document: American Public Transportation Association, 2013, Defining a Transit Asset Management Framework to Achieve a State of Good Repair, APTA SGR‐TAM‐RP‐002‐13. Website/Source http://www.apta.com/resources/standards/documents/apta‐sgr‐tam‐rp‐002‐13.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X X Document Type This document is a set of recommended practice meant to document the experience of agencies that have found measures that work in a real‐world setting. Keeping in mind that asset management is a journey, not a destination, these experiences may assist other agencies that are beginning their own efforts to establish transit asset management programs. Intended Audience Transit agency managers Abstract This publication is intended as an introduction to the high‐level requirements for building a transit asset management framework to achieve a state of good repair, including definitional issues and resources for further study. Populations Referenced The management, employees, and policy leadership of transit agencies. Topics Covered Keys to building an asset management plan, Standards Definitions Asset management plan (AMP)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-176 Distribution Corpus Christi Regional Transportation Authority (CCRTA) , Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-177 elements: vehicles, facilities, stations, guide ways, and systems. These groups are the building blocks from which a solid asset inventory is derived. Agencies will add their own organization's assets under each major category. For example, the vehicles category can be broken into rail vehicles and buses. From there, the agency can decide how to break it down further until every vehicle is classified (The document refers to Chapter 3 of the FTA's Asset Management Guide) . The document suggests that the asset inventory should constantly be maintained and added to as the agency completes major asset purchases and projects. The inventory should be maintained by the specific work groups responsible for the maintenance of the assets. This inventory will assist the financial and capital planning staffs in making accurate decisions and projections for keeping the asset inventory in a state of good repair. Noteworthy Aspects The document recommends the following: The plan must have a champion at the executive level; Concepts need to be taught, shared and internalized by employees at all levels; The transit development plan (TDP)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-178 Transit asset management State of good repair
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-179 Citation Armstrong, A., M. Flood, and M. Meyer, "Development of Adaptation Framework for Climate Change Engineering Assessment of Transportation Assets,' Proceedings from ICSI 2014: Creating Infrastructure for a Sustainable World, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2014. Website/Source http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/9780784478745.014 Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X Document Type Conference proceeding paper. Intended Audience Although it is not explicitly stated, it appears that this document is targeted at very high‐level planners and administrators at transportation agencies who are working to become more resilient with respect to the effects of climate change. More specifically, to guide these officials as they start to make strategic investment decision in capital infrastructure construction and improvements. Abstract "System resiliency of transportation infrastructure is a growing concern of transportation professionals for both longer term risks associated with climate change and in response to extreme weather events. This paper presents a prioritization framework and case study addressing climate change adaptation for transportation infrastructure. This framework is based on: 1)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-180 3. Identify design criteria and standards currently used to design the asset.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-181 substantial size that also house major transportation infrastructure systems. The level of applicability would depend upon the specifics of the type and level of threat and corresponding vulnerability. Tools Although no specific "tools" were developed in this work per se, the paper presents a "prioritization framework to facilitate climate change adaptation for transportation infrastructure. This framework is based on four step process that includes: 1) Outcomes of a series of engineering assessments to identify implications of incorporating climate variability in projects already completed/underway; 2)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-182 Citation Barami Ph.D., Bahar. 2014. "Transportation System Resilience, Extreme Weather and Climate Change: A Thought Leadership Series," Final Report. Office of Strategic Initiatives for Research and Innovation, John A Volpe National Transportation Systems Center. Cambridge, MA Website/Source http://www.volpe.dot.gov/news/transportation‐system‐resilience‐extreme‐weather‐and‐climate‐ change Focus Area(s)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-183 Mode(s) Type of Vulnerability Climate change (air and water temperatures, sea levels and precipitation rates)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-184 operations. The following guidelines were also provided: Short‐term actions include updating flood maps, installing gates at subway entrances, and draining flooded subways; Medium‐ and long‐term actions include carbon pricing as well as new zoning and building codes, floodplain buyouts, analyzing hazard‐related data to determine where it is safe to build or locate temporary facilities, or developing technologies that could be used to support mitigation strategies. Status Planning Critical Assessment The approaches presented herein are widely known and used, particularly in the NYC Metro region since Superstorm Sandy. A clear path forward and the next step form the planning process should be more clearly defined. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary Resiliency was not defined. Potential Keywords Climate Change Resilience Mitigation Adaptation Transportation Planning National Climate Assessment
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-185 Citation Adapting to Climate Change Through Asset Management Planning, APTA 2013 Sustainability and Public Transportation Workshop Website/Source http://www.apta.com/mc/sustainability/previous/2013/presentations/presentations/Rose‐Batac‐ adapting‐to‐climate‐change‐asset‐management‐planning.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X X X Document Type Conference PowerPoint Presentation Intended Audience Transit agency political leadership, executives, management, and operational staff Abstract This presentation examines the relationship between potential climate change factors and transit assets and operations, with particular focus on how a transit agency's asset management system can be used in support of strategic adaptation investment decision making. It offers a framework for integrating climate adaptation in transit asset management. Populations Referenced Asset managers, operational personnel and customers. Topics Covered Asset management and lifecycle management component and opportunities to integrate climate adaptation. Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization Transit agency (MARTA)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-186 equipment during power outages. Review and update standard operating procedures for extreme weather conditions to incorporate emergency evacuation and restart plans for maintenance facilities and alternative communication Plan. Develop a system accessibility plan which should establish what level of service will be provided during or after extreme weather events (ice storm, floods, etc.) , as well as how access to that service will be maintained (e.g. snow/ice removal)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-187 Status This presentation was made 2013. There is no follow‐up presentation or information to suggest that MARTA has not, or is not pursuing the full implementation of the strategy outlined in this presentation. Critical Assessment This presentation offers the experience of one transit agency, MARTA, in taking the initial steps in its efforts to adapt to climate change. The strategy outlined in this presentation appears to be comprehensive. The presentation offers no perspective on the success or impact of the strategy outlined. It may be worthwhile to do follow‐up interviews with MARTA officials to ascertain their perspective on the value and impact of implementing this strategy. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary Adaptation strategies – decision points and steps transit agencies could take to cope with change. Climate stressors – the intensity of climate events on various transit agency assets and functions.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-188 Citation Parson Brinckerhoff. 2012. Asset Management Guide. U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C. Website/Source http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/FTA_Asset_Management_Guide_‐_FINAL.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X X Document Type Best practices Intended Audience Practitioners in transit organizations and jurisdictions that oversee them Abstract This guide provides a transit‐specific framework for use of current best practices in asset management. Populations Referenced Governing jurisdictions, transit agencies, transit engineering, planning, and maintenance organizations Topics Covered Transit Asset Management Framework o Management vision and direct [including purpose and value]
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-189 Vulnerability Goals and Motivations Goals were to enable transit agencies to enhance safety and customer satisfaction while controlling costs. Context Resiliency planning is not mentioned. One basic message of advocates of asset management cited in the guide is: Transit assets exceeding their useful life can result in asset failures, which can increase the risk of catastrophic accidents, disrupt service, and strain maintenance departments." One can view natural disasters as catastrophic threats to the useful life of assets. Avoiding or mitigating the threats through resiliency processes reduces the probability of catastrophic accidents, disruption of service (or deterrence of recovery) and prolonged strain of maintenance departments. Tools N/A Noteworthy Aspects The authors were supported by several transit agencies with a broad range of services: New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority Long Beach Transit Utah Transit Authority TriMet (Portland, OR)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-190 Essential Vocabulary Cross‐asset planning and management – this concept means that planning and management must consider the possibilities that changes in one asset may necessitate changes in processes or in inventories of other assets. Resiliency is not mentioned. Potential Keywords Lifecycle management Total cost of ownership Risk management, Enterprise asset management Cross‐asset planning
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-191 Citation Brown, Richard. 2014. Transport Resilience Review: A review of the resilience of the transport network to extreme weather events Website/Source https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/335115/trans port‐resilience‐review‐web.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X Document Type Government report presented to UK Parliament Intended Audience Legislators and policy makers Abstract This is a very broad, overarching review of the impact of extreme weather events in the UK on various transport modes, primarily road and rail, but very little of it pertains directly to urban mass transit. Populations Referenced Rail operators, drivers, highway maintenance managers, ports operators Topics Covered This report covers: Basic descriptions of extreme weather and of specific events in 2013 and 2014 in UK Common issues across transport modes including single points of failure, flood defenses, recovery planning, resilience, forecasts, communication, and crisis response Impacts on specific sectors, specifically, Strategic Road Network, local roads, railways, and ports Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization UK Parliament Geographic Distribution National level (UK)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-192 Noteworthy Aspects N/A Captivating Value UK's highly variable climate makes implementing transportation resiliency measures a challenge, incorporating a varied assortment of solutions for alleviating extreme climactic events. Decision Question N/A Decision Maker N/A Relevance Although the report does not mention any tools used to mitigate effects of extreme weather events, it does give a list of long and short‐term recommendations that would allow for an appropriate response to these events. SHORT‐TERM SOLUTIONS: It is recommended that all transport operators have contingency plans for extreme weather, clear channels for receiving weather updates, and a dedicated passenger and communications plan for times of transport disruption. Specifically in the area of communication, ideas must be broadcasted in the everyday language utilizing pictures and airing on frequently used networks in order to fully inform the audience of the event. All operators, regardless of transportation sector, are encouraged to revisit their Climate Change Risk Assessments and Adaptation Plans in addition to attending workshops on how to handle natural disasters. Local roads ‐ "identify a 'resilient network' to which they will give priority, in order to maintain economic activity and access to key services during extreme weather… The report also recommends that Government should consult Local Highway Authorities on a single set of criteria to be applied to emergency highway repair funding, to consume minimum administrative resource when applying for funds at times of crisis. " (15‐16) . Rail – "In response to the winter's flooding it is recommended that Network Rail should: o develop plans to raise track heights and raise lineside equipment cabinets above track level on sections of track at risk of flooding, as part of its new Route Resilience Plans; o consider accelerating introduction of axle counters for areas at high risk of flooding; o deploy its new temporary automatic signaling system in the event of track flooding.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-193 Strategic Road Networks – "Given the importance of drainage to resilience, the HA should complete its drainage asset inventory. The Review also recommends that the HA should consult freight and other interests on the restriction of vulnerable vehicles on exposed sections of the Strategic Road Network during high winds, so that these locations can be kept open longer for all other users. It further recommends that the HA works with the Met Office to improve wind forecasts for the benefit of lorry fleet operators. The Review recommends that the HA and the DfT should review the range and wording of messages displayed on variable message signs at times of disruption, and improve and refine the content of the HA website. Driver behavior is an important factor in secondary disruption, and there is a recommendation that the DfT should review the content of the Driving Theory Test, to ensure adequate coverage of driving techniques for use in, and preparations for, adverse weather conditions. The DfT should ensure that the new HA Government Company has, in its top‐level performance indicators, network availability and that this is supported by appropriate indicators of asset condition." (17) Local Roads – "Local Highway Authorities should develop, maintain and work to Asset Management Plans and these should incorporate drainage. The DfT should proceed with its plan to use a proportion of funding to encourage the development and adoption of these plans, allowing local authorities time to prepare and implement those plans.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-194 amended approach to performance and compensation regimes during periods of extreme weather disruption, which gives the right signals to the industry but is seen to be fair for passengers." (18‐19) Ports – "The Environment Agency and Met Office work together to improve the granularity and accuracy of coastal flooding forecasts, involving complex modeling of a variety of factors.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-195 Citation Burke, M. and Sipe, N. 2013. Ferries and Catastrophic Floods: experiences and learnings in Brisbane and New York. Paper for submission to the 2014 Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C. Website/Source http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2459‐15 Focus Area(s)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-196 key learnings obtained from the study and the implications for planning and policy Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization Academia Geographic Distribution International and United States Type of Transit Mode(s) The focus of this paper is ferry systems Type of Vulnerability Flooding and storm surge are the vulnerabilities addressed Goals and Motivations The goal of this paper is to document the experiences of two ferry operators during and after major flooding events, "to obtain learnings from the operators and managers for the benefit of the wider ferry community." (p. 1)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-197 deflection structures at the upstream end are streamlined. The intent is that these new designs will both reduce damage and cost, and improve recovery times." (p. 6‐7) "In New York, the East River Ferry was the first public transport mode that enabled East River crossings between Manhattan and Queens/Brooklyn. After service resumed, ridership doubled and a fourth ferry was added to meet demand. Critical to this was effective human resources management and highly proactive steps taken by the operators to take and refuel the cars of the ferry staff while they were on the water. Given the gas crisis that engulfed the post‐hurricane city, without this measure staff would otherwise not have been able to present to work and operations would have ceased. Also, extremely helpful in the re‐commencement phase was a recently released Smart Phone App that the ferry company had launched, allowing direct fare payment. This fare system, highly popular with regular users, significantly reduced the load on staff handling the additional passenger numbers, especially as most ticket machines were destroyed." (p. 8)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-198 Vocabulary Potential Keywords Ferries Flooding Emergency management Resiliency Terminal design Pre‐planning
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-199 Citation Burks‐Copes, Dr. Kelly A. 2014. "Quantifying Coastal Storm and Sea Level Rise Risks to Naval Station Norfiolk." Website/Source http://www.mari.odu.edu/workshops/20140603_TechSurge/11%20Burks‐ Copes%20NSN%20SLR%20Presentation%20‐%20ODU%20Tech%20Surge%20‐ %20June%202014.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X Document Type Presentation, Case Studies Intended Audience Practitioners Abstract "Employ a SMART strategy that drills down using portfolio investments to manage regrets and make decisions based on return on investment with a focus on: RESILIENCY and SUSTAINABILITY" (Slide 6)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-200 Type of Transit Mode(s) Infrastructure Type of Vulnerability Sea‐level rise, Natural hazards Goals and Motivations Characterize impacts Decompose mission & infrastructure systems Pinpoint vulnerabilities Quantify performance sustainability risks Identify adaptive capacity tipping points Communicate results to field Slide 10 Context Devise and demonstrate a rigorous yet flexible systems‐scale approach Quantitatively evaluate natural hazard risks to critical military assets (i.e., infrastructure)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-201 Comments Essential Vocabulary Resiliency is not defined Potential Keywords Storm Modeling Risk Assessment Approach Infrastructure Vulnerability Assessment Regret Management Adaptive Management
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-202 Citation Report: New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance (NJCAA) . 2014. "Resilience. Preparing New Jersey for Climate Change: Policy Considerations from New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance." Ed. Campo, M, M. Kaplan, and J. Herb. Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. Website/Source http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman‐lister/resource‐pdfs/120‐resilience‐preparing‐new‐jersey‐for‐ climate‐change‐policy‐considerations/file Focus Area(s)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-203 Motivations and activities that can prepare New Jersey's vulnerable sectors to better meet the anticipated impacts of climate change." (p. 2) Context N/A Tools The report references a "climate impact assessment" (CIA)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-204 Relevance A detailed list of recommendations by which generally fall within the subject headings. Identification of gaps which apply to transit agencies as well to include gaps in funding, coordination between stakeholders, outreach and other areas which are generally expressed throughout other documents.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-205 Citation Cox, Andrew; Prager, Fynnwin; and Rose, Adam Z., "Transportation Security and the Role of Resilience: A Foundation for Operational Metrics" (2011) . Published Articles & Papers. Paper 207. Website/Source http://research.create.usc.edu/published_papers/207 Focus Area(s)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-206 side. o Input substitution is shifting input combinations or transportation modes to achieve the same function or level of productivity. o Inventories include both emergency stockpiles and ordinary working supplies of production inputs for both the transportation system and for economic activities dependent on transportation. o Excess capacity refers to idle plant and equipment. A special case is redundancy that refers to backup systems that do not increase productive capacity, but rather compensate for damaged capital (e.g., multiple tracks) . o Relocation is changing the site of business activity in terms of travel routes or end‐user sites. o Resource unimportance refers to the portion of business operation that can continue without a critical input like transportation. o Import substitution is importing resources from other regions. This might be imports for the transportation system itself or the employment of the transportation system in doing so. o Export substitution refers to selling goods to other regions that cannot be sold otherwise to local customers. o Technological change allows for easier manipulation to restore function, to increase production, change hours of operation, and to respond to altered service demands. o Production recapture refers to working overtime or extra shifts to catch up on lost production or service. o Logistics refinement refers to reducing impediments to the delivery of goods and services." (p. 309)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-207 linear, or proportional, relationship between an input supply shortage and the direct disruption to the firm or industry. (p. 310) Used on the London 2005 bombing as an example. Noteworthy Aspects N/A Captivating Value "Our study of transportation resilience is only a beginning because passenger journeys are not an end in themselves" (p. 315)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-208 Citation DesRoches, S., Murrell, S., Transportation Infrastructure Resiliency Guidelines for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, T&DI Congress 2014: pp. 649‐658. Website/Source http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/9780784413586.062 Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X Document Type Journal article Intended Audience Transportation authorities, engineers Abstract Paper describes proposed changes to the PANYNJ's Design Guidelines to improve infrastructure resiliency. The proposed changes were developed based on a multidisciplinary review of the existing guidelines using the New York City Panel on Climate Change (NPCC)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-209 Mode(s) Type of Vulnerability Flooding, Severe Storm Events, Heat‐high Days, Winter Storm (Heavy Snow/Ice)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-210 Citation Eichhorst, Urda. Adapting Urban Transport to Climate Change. 2009. Module 5f in Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy makers in Developing Cities. GTZ Transport Policy Advisory Services, on behalf of Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. Bonn, Germany. Website/Source www.sutp.org/component/phocadownload/category/53‐5f? download=112:5f‐acc‐en Focus Area(s)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-211 Extreme rainfall events Intense storms Goals and Motivations Module is "intended to raise awareness, describe the expected impacts of climate change on urban passenger transport, and provide an orientation on how to integrate climate proofing into urban transport planning and policy implementation." Context Because this module and the overall sourcebook were intended as general policy‐making guidance for developing cities worldwide, it is nearly impossible to specify a context within which this was developed, other than the emerging and growing threats produced by climate change to urban transport needs. Tools An annex to the module provides a series of checklists for Section 4.2, which provides the framework for climate‐proofing urban transport. The checklists cover the following topics: 1. Assess climate risk and vulnerability 2.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-212 Citation Freckleton, D. K. Heaslip, W. Louisell, and J. Collura. 2012. Evaluation of resiliency of transportation networks after disasters. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board No.2284, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., pp 109–116.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-213 o "Recovery metrics show whether the network can anneal and recover. The recovery metric group examines the resources and qualities necessary to restore resiliency to the network."(p. 110) The measurement metrics is done simply by low, medium or high (1,2,3)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-214 o Commercial transport cost index – Cost for commercial entities to use the transport network; o Industrial transport costs index ‐ Cost for industrial entities to use the transport network; o Emergency response – A measure of the region to mobilize resources to respond to the incident. It measure response time; o Resources available – Represent the general availability of people, equipment and organizations available to procure and assist in responding to an incident. The study is able to obtain quantifiable numbers for each area to support the methodology. Additional work may be needed to determine the weighting of the scores and information is limited on some low tier metrics scoring criteria. Status N/A Critical Assessment The concept is interesting but seems to be applied at a higher level than transit agencies may need. The examples and framework look at a transportation network as a whole. Furthermore, there are weighting considerations and suggestions by the author to develop a sensitivity analysis. However, many studies focus simply on the mitigation efforts to prevent impacts while resilience includes the ability to quickly respond to and mitigate the impacts after they're occurring. This research highlights the importance to look beyond simply adapting infrastructure and building an organization capacity to respond quickly and effectively to reduce impacts after an incident occurs. Although not specified, one could imagine having alternative route plans for loss of infrastructure, mobile response teams for various use. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary "The definition of resiliency used in this paper is the ability for a transportation network to absorb disruptive events gracefully and return itself to a level of service equal to or greater than the predisruption level of service within a reasonable time frame." (p. 110)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-215 Citation Federal Transit Administration. 2011. "Federal Transit Administration: Policy Statement on Climate Change Adaptation." U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration. Washington, D.C. Website/Source http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/Final_FTA_Policy_Statement_signed_5_31_11.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X Document Type Policy Announcement Intended Audience Stakeholders and FTA components. Abstract The policy outlines official recognition of climate changes increasing impacts to transit including many of the vulnerabilities transit agencies around the country are seeing. The purpose of the state highlights the need for the changing environment to be incorporated into aspects of the agency's programs. This includes aspects of planning, operations and policies. Populations Referenced Federal Agencies and FTA programs. Topics Covered The FTA identified vulnerabilities which may have an impact on the agency.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-216 Motivations public transportation assets. But this is more than a fiscal responsibility: tens of millions of Americans rely on these resources and the services they provide every day. We must build upon and share our knowledge of climate change impacts on transit and the best response strategies if we are to protect these assets and the mobility they provide." (p. 1) Context N/A Tools See Captivating Value which identifies FTA adopted framework they will use. Noteworthy Aspects FTA officially states that funding will include considerations for climate change and resilience. "Funding from FTA's major capital programs can support capital investments that increase resilience of transit assets and services to the impacts of climate change. Planning activities such as climate change vulnerability and risk assessments are also eligible under FTA's current statewide and metropolitan transportation planning programs." (p. 2)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-217 Citation U.S. Government Accountability Office. 2013. Transit Asset Management: Additional Research on Capital Investment Effects Could Help Transit Agencies Optimize Funding. US GAO, Washington, D.C. GAO‐13‐571. Website/Source http://www.gao.gov/assets/660/655837.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X Document Type Federal investigative document. Intended Audience Congress Abstract Given constraints on capital investment in transit system improvements, the assumption is that better monitoring and measurement systems regarding the impact of investments in transit infrastructure can make the necessary investments more cost‐effective. GAO supports this proposition and recommends greater attention to systems for documenting and tracking the condition of transit infrastructure. Populations Referenced Transit system operators and managers; transit financial managers, transit policy makers, maintenance workers, planners, transit riders Topics Covered Leading practices in transit system investment management Asset management practices History of federal actions and appropriations related to state of good repair initiatives "State of good repair" backlog Lifecycle management planning Information and data systems for all the above Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization Congress Geographic Distribution At least nine specific local transit agencies examined Agency size examined ranged from the very large (Chicago)
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From page 218... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-218 Asset inventories Condition assessment and performance monitoring Lifecycle management planning Noteworthy Aspects The biggest question seems to be how to help transit agencies adopt a more comprehensive package of the above tools. The review of practices in specific systems seems to show that many use some of the practices and are better in one area or another, but none use all the tools or have the resources in place to do so. Captivating Value "While tools exist that help some transit agencies identify their investment asset backlog, transit agencies could better prioritize their capital investment decisions knowing how their investments relate to future ridership." Decision Question Equipping transit agencies with the means to make more effective investment decisions. This is really aimed at two entities: Congress itself, which makes the appropriations; and FTA, which is responsible for the grant programs that may make this possible. Decision Maker Congress, with regard to appropriations to support the program FTA, for implementing assistance to transit agencies Local and regional transit agencies that must adopt and implement the recommended practices. Relevance Documents evaluate the extent transit agencies use asset management plans. None of the investigated agencies took into consideration future ridership when making decisions on capital investment, which limits their prioritization of capital investments. (summary page)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-219 Citation Gates, K. 2012. "Forecasting Asset Conditions with Decay Curves." Presented at the 9th National Conference on Transportation Asset Management, San Diego, CA. Website/Source http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conferences/2012/assetmgmt/presentations/TSoGR‐ Gates.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X Document Type Training Intended Audience Practitioners who plan capital investments. Abstract This presentation describes the derivation, use, and value of decay curves used in the Transit Economic Requirements Model (TERM)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-220 Value agencies can make even better forecasts by using the curves as part of analyses that focus on "cost" rather than condition. Decision Question All investment decisions in infrastructure, systems, and rolling stock are addressed in this document. Decision Maker Transit agency must make decisions on investment. Federal and state agencies can use the same methods to validate the decisions of agencies that request grants. Relevance It seems likely that the planning of resiliency investment decisions, especially "repair v. rebuild" will benefit greatly from the decay curves that FTA has generated. It seems likely that use of the curves will make funding requests more understandable, credible, and useful for planners and public officials charged with investment decisions. Status Curves are complete. Critical Assessment This is a concise, clear presentation. Additional Comments This presentation, or some slides from it, may be useful in the suite of digital presentation materials required by TCRP A‐41. Essential Vocabulary N/A Potential Keywords Decay curves TERM Transit Economics Requirements Model
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-221 Citation Greenberg, M., K. Lowrie, T. Altiok, M. Lahr, P. Lioy, and H. Mayer. 2011. "Improving Resilience in Rail Transit Corridors: Developing Models for Estimating the Impacts of System Disruptions." TR News, No 275, July‐August, pp. 29‐30. Website/Source http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/trnews/trnews275.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X Document Type Periodical article. Intended Audience Transportation researchers, academics. Abstract This article discusses three models developed at Rutgers' Center for Transportation Safety, Security, and Risk using the Northeast Corridor. The first simulates the normal operation of a passenger rail corridor and "then perturb it with natural or man‐made events." A second model examines the potential health impacts of a contaminant plume on passengers, transit workers, and people in the area. The third deals with the economic impacts of a bottleneck in delivery systems. Populations Referenced Passengers, transit workers, surrounding area residents. Topics Covered Terrorist attacks All‐hazard natural events Failure to deliver goods or System bottlenecks people Models for simulation of impacts of all the above Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Science and Technology Directorate Geographic Distribution Northeast Corridor Type of Transit Mode(s)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-222 airports, Amtrak, water transport, extensive bridge and highway networks, etc. NJ Transit is the most immediate focus of the models. Limitations include congestion due to dense population and development that can lead to bottlenecks and numerous single points of failure.
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From page 223... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-223 Citation Humphrey, R. G., Lewis, J. C., Yuanchang, X., Sharp, Susan. 2012. Transit Asset Inventory Development and Integration. U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C. Website/Source http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/FTA_Report_No._0023.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X Document Type Case study with numerous narratives of asset management implementation processes and practices and many examples of materials that reflect the practices of St. Louis Metro that can be evaluated and, perhaps, emulated by other transit systems. Intended Audience Practitioners who may need to demonstrate the utility, and value of systematic asset management in transit systems and who may need to prove that that asset management is not an unsurmountable challenge from work or budget perspectives. Abstract This report shows how urban rail transit agencies can leverage data within their maintenance management systems to build asset inventories for higher level analysis. Although resiliency is not highlighted in the report, the "mainstream" of the arguments presented clearly require consideration of resiliency as a factor in many asset management analyses and decisions. Populations Referenced Transit agencies, light rail and bus maintenance and asset managers, transit riders. Topics Covered Current asset management practices Current asset management data system o Database system o Maintenance requirements analysis, scheduling, and parts management o Lifecycle management of assets Asset condition monitoring Developing priorities for asset management o Step‐by‐step procedures o Software tools Best practices in asset management in transit maintenance and asset management Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization Federal agency in cooperation with St. Louis transit agency Geographic Distribution National, Large urban/suburban Type of Transit Mode(s)
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From page 224... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-224 The transit context is an LRV and bus system that operates in five counties in Missouri and Illinois Tools The authors followed a standard sequence of study steps. Key components included inventory of the assets of the St. Louis systems, and determination of the software tools that would best support asset management in the St. Louis system. Noteworthy Aspects Clarity, simplicity, and comprehensiveness. Appendices are examples of outputs of asset management that may be useful as examples for other transit practitioners. Captivating Value This study shows clearly how data, if verified and used every day to keep the transit system maintained, can be integrated into an asset management system that maximizes state of good repair over the life cycle of the transit agency's assets. Such a clear report may be valuable as a reference in the handbook and digital presentation to stakeholders included in TCRP‐41. Decision Question N/A Decision Maker N/A Relevance This document proves the value of asset management. For example, the mean distance between breakdowns of buses, after implementation of asset management, has increased from 6,000 miles to 20,000 miles. This document, although it does not say so, shows that the following resilience issues fit squarely within the asset management systems that support state of good repair: o Asset inventory as basis for evaluating the budgetary value of resilience o Asset location, bases on use of GIS, as basis for evaluating vulnerability of various types o Asset condition assessment as basis for decisions concerning resilience planning, scheduling, and budgeting Status Observation of ongoing practices. Critical Assessment The authors followed a methodology that produced an effective report. Were they to conduct the study in 2015, however, it is likely that they would highlight resilience considerations. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary N/A Potential Keywords Asset management Preventive maintenance Asset condition monitoring GIS Lifecycle management
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-225 Citation David Jaroszweski, et al. 2014. Guidebook for Enhancing Resilience of European Railway Transport in Extreme Weather Events. European Union MOWE‐IT Project. Website/Source www.mowe‐it.eu Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X Document Type Research document. Intended Audience This document addresses governments and the management and board of railway companies (infrastructure and transportation)
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From page 226... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-226 over $1 Billion. o Flooding leading to lines and bridges undermined or destroyed by landslides, bridges washed away. Total damage was estimated to cost around €2.7 billion in Austria and CHF 3 billion in Switzerland. o Intense convective storms with flash flooding, closing sections, causing delays. Wind/Storm o Leading to power cuts, damage from precipitation. Includes Hurricane Sandy.
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From page 227... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-227 Improve and maintain drainage network along the rail network Clean drainage especially after autumn (in Essen there was flooding on the roads in November 2010 after some days normal rain due to clogged drainage by leaves) Incorporate climate change projections into the design of drainage to cope with predicted future flooding frequency and magnitude Consider infrastructure interdependencies. This especially applies to ensuring energy supply Explore relocation of important infrastructure to higher elevations and areas of lower flood risk Develop tailored plans for flash flooding and seasonal flooding (Immediately before event)
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From page 228... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-228 Wind / Storm Before – Prior to such events collaboration should be made with weather services in order to assess the weather situation and to initiate the proper operations beforehand. This led to the result that citizens prepared by using trains beforehand or by cancelling their travel plans. This was a good measure to prevent further disruption. Since predictions for extreme weather events like Kyrill are very important, the Austrian Federal Railways implemented a meteorological information and warning system. The requirements for such a system differ from existing official and private forecasts and meteorological information systems. In Sweden severe weather scenarios were already rehearsed beforehand so that the crisis management activities could be realized effectively. (Long‐term preparation) Have wind response strategy in place ‐ resources should be put in place before the events occur Use improved wind prediction models ‐ wind warnings should be given as soon as possible Keep the areas close to tracks clear of vegetation and dangerous objects that may be blown around Improve the resilience of catenary masts, the tracks and station buildings Strategies for cutting departures and reducing passenger capacity should be put in place (special timetables, rerouting models)
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From page 229... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-229 external coordinators. Ensure that the tracks are free of foreign obstacles Have additional personnel on standby to help with additional duties during a heavy wind event or to replace crews displaced by delayed/cancelled trains and to take care of passengers Reduce speed limits and cancel traffic where appropriate Use special timetables where traffic on lines needs to be reduced Keep trains inside the depot overnight After – During the event it is necessary to get an overview of the damage. Following the overview of the extent of damage it has to be decided how the damage can be fixed and how much time these repair works require. Resources need to be classified and arranged. Additionally it might be necessary to install replacement schedules with differing departing times, delays and redirections. In addition to regional crisis management and executive groups, a national leading group was set up at the head office of the Swedish Rail Administration. The national leading group decided that during the crisis, freight traffic was prioritized at the expense of passenger traffic. In general, in order to get the rail traffic to operate properly again, large repair works were implemented. All workers were primed for their duties in special conditions in order to avoid accidents. Due to power and communications disruption, some railway sections and grade crossings were guarded by special road guards. Furthermore, diesel trains were used so that the most important goods could be delivered. On some railway sections freight traffic was operated on special terms during the traffic cancellations. Because organizations had practiced crisis management in advance, they could manage the event relatively well. In addition, persons belonging to crisis management and leading groups were used to working together and it didn't take long to activate the operation of groups. Some additional resources were supplied even before the storm. In some cases it was hard to put compensatory power stations and generators into use because it was not properly noted where these stations and generators were located. Some of the actions took too much time due to safety regulations because some works are only allowed to be executed while there is a connection to the control center. Because of the lack of power supply communication connections were often discontinued so the repair works could not be executed. This has to be handled in a different way in future events. In the future it should be possible to get a quick overview over the impacts of the event with the use of special software in order to issue instructions directly. It also might be necessary to implement rail replacement services. It also is important to keep passengers informed about replacement schedules and about the schedules of rail replacement services. Customers of rail freight also have to be informed about changes to schedules. Return to normal schedule as soon as possible Where repairs and reconstruction are carried out, damaged infrastructure should be upgraded to improve resilience to future wind events Regular clearing of vegetation along tracks Identification of critical locations Update of plans and strategies in light of lessons learned Snow/winter conditions Before ‐ Based on the case studies the preparations for the heavy winter conditions tended to be ineffective in many ways. In Sweden (at the end of 2001) the railway organizations had raised their level of preparedness due to the received meteorological information but there was still not enough maintenance personnel, machines and equipment for snow and ice removal. (Long‐term preparation)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-230 Install snow covers of switches Install switch heaters Build snow barriers Keep culverts and ditches open to keep the track areas and embankments dry to prevent damage due to ground frost Train personnel and subcontractors to understand the specifics of winter operations Ensure the availability of spare parts, additional cables and other materials which are known to break in hard winter conditions Obtain snow and ice melting equipment and investigate options to modify the rolling stock to prevent snow and ice accumulation on undercarriages Specify and test new infrastructure (especially switches) to resist winter conditions or avoid snow build‐up.
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From page 231... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-231 Therefore, the establishment of new working groups to improve the cooperation between the different actors participating in operative traffic management was recommended. The aim was to provide speed and proactiveness in decision making. In Sweden it was recognized that the cooperation between traffic control centers was challenging since technical systems for controlling railway traffic varies in every traffic control center and thus improvements are needed. It was also emphasized in Sweden that practical training should be organized so that every actor knows how to carry out the work in extreme situations. There were also several recommendations concerning the need for additional resources (personnel, machines, equipment) . The need for new glycol based snow and ice melting equipment and new switch‐heating systems was identified (Finland and Sweden)
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From page 232... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-232 Citation Kaufman, D. J. 2012. Crisis Response and Disaster Resilience 2030: Forging Strategic Action in an Age of Uncertainty. U. S. Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency Website/Source https://www.fema.gov/media‐library/assets/documents/24174? id=4995 Focus Area(s)
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From page 233... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-233 Value demonstrates the community‐wide potential for loss in disasters, thereby requiring and justifying community‐based collaboration in immediate and ongoing emergency management and resilience initiatives. Decision Question What will it take for communities to be prepared for all emergencies and to be resilient in the face of them? Decision Maker A message of this report is that decisions makers at all level, down to the individual, should be prepared for emergencies and build resiliency into their lives. Relevance This document emphasizes the community‐wide nature of emergency planning and resilience. Understanding that context and the dependence of people on transit and other transportation gives proper emphasis to the importance of transportation resiliency. Status By definition, this is an issue that will require revisiting repeatedly. Critical Assessment This report relies on analysis of facts, but primarily for provoking logical opinion and imagination. It broadens concerns over uncertainty, and emphasizes the necessity of community action. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary N/A Potential Keywords Models of threats of disaster Scenario‐based planning Technological support for emergency management and resiliency Risk management Volunteer capabilities
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-234 Citation Kumar, P. 2015. "Magic Quadrant for Energy and Utilities Enterprise Asset Management Software. Blog Website/Source http://assetmaximo.blogspot.com/2015/03/maximo‐vs‐other‐players‐oracle‐eam‐ifs.html Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X Document Type Blog entry. Intended Audience Purchases of enterprise asset management software Abstract Many companies produce enterprise asset management software for use "off‐the‐shelf" or with modifications. They very in complexity, usability, price, and utility. The author summarizes the features, benefits, limitations of nine of the leading enterprise asset management products, [some of which are used in the transit industry]
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-235 Tools The author emphasizes two criteria for selecting enterprise asset management products: "ability to execute" [essentially ease of use] and "completeness of vision" [essentially the variety and power of the features of the software]
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-236 Citation Lyons, William. 2014. Principal Technical Advisor in Transportation Planning. Presented at the "Transportation System Resilience, Extreme Weather and Climate Change" Series. U.S. Department of Transportation, Volpe. Washington, D.C. Website/Source http://www.volpe.dot.gov/events/transportation‐system‐resilience‐extreme‐weather‐and‐ climate‐change Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X Document Type Conference presentation Intended Audience Metropolitan areas (MPOs)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-237 Tools Provided examples of best practices: o New York City and Northern Jersey Planning Post‐Sandy o Hampton Roads Partnerships for Climate Change Impacts in Virginia o Adapting the San Francisco Bay Area to Rising Tides Through transportation Infrastructure o FHWA Climate Scenario planning pilots, including Albuquerque and Cape Cod MPOs Noteworthy Aspects Performance‐based planning and programming to integrate resilience into federal transportation planning. Integration into Map‐21, even though it doesn't directly say resilience or climate, the principles can be applied to adaptation.
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From page 238... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-238 Essential Vocabulary Mitigation: "Reductions in emissions." Adaptation: "Preparing or adjusting to climate change; preparing or adjusting in response to anticipated climatic effects with a focus on infrastructure." (NP, min. 7:55) Resilience: The main definition of resiliency provided is: o "Focuses on systems, including the multimodal transportation system and the greater community systems (all sectors)
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From page 239... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-239 Citation Marshall, W., A. Henao, and R. Bronson. 2015. Building a Framework for Transportation Resiliency and Evaluating the Resiliency Benefits of Light Rail Transit in Denver, Colorado. Mountain Plains Consortium, MPC 15‐279. Website/Source http://www.mountain‐plains.org/pubs/pdf/MPC15‐279.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X Document Type Research report Intended Audience Transportation researchers, policy makers, transportation planners Abstract The fundamental concern is the outlier possibility of a black swan event affecting a transportation system and the resulting impacts on system resiliency. The research consists of three parts: 1.
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From page 240... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-240 world and the region (and Denver in particular) should be prepared for it. The goal is both to determine current levels of resilience to such an event and a rating system for such resilience. Context Most of the larger region is rural and auto‐dependent, and thus less resilient to fuel price shocks on the cost of auto transportation, particularly for work‐related trips. However, there are more options available in Denver, depending on neighborhood infrastructure and income levels.
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From page 241... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-241 Citation Matherly, D., Langdon, N., Wolshon, B., Murray‐Tuite, P., Renne, J., Thomas, R., Mobley, J., Reinhardt, K. 2014. NCHRP Report 777. A Guide to Regional Transportation Planning for Disasters, Emergencies, and Significant Events. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Website/Source http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_777.pdf Focus Area(s)
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From page 242... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-242 o Resources o References Appendix A: Summary comparison between disaster and emergency planning and significant event planning Appendix B: Emergency management and transportation planning Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization Transportation Research Board, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Geographic Distribution Case studies and examples range across the U.S. and Canada (case study and examples of cross‐ border coordination) ; regional examples and/or case studies include large/medium, urban/suburban, small and primarily suburban/rural. Specific regional case studies and/or examples include international, U.S. based‐ Northeast, Southeast, Midwest, Southwest, New England, mid‐Atlantic, San Francisco metro area)
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From page 243... ...
Cap Valu Dec Que Dec Rele tivating e ision stion ision Maker vance c Successfu different multijuris to an em How can resilient? leadershi about po Examples making. started. Resilienc even tho resilience resilient t The princ (the princ collabora as we 3.
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From page 244... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-244 Using new technologies to integrate system and traveler information that crosses modal and jurisdictional boundaries; Improving the probability of securing new funding for a particular region or organization (by expanding the constituency base for the proposal) ; and Preparing for both planned and unexpected events (such as freeway reconstruction and natural disasters)
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From page 245... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-245 Comments Essential Vocabulary Collaboration: A purposeful process of working together to plan, to create, and to solve problems and/or manage activities." (Campbell et al. 2005)
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From page 246... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-246 Citation McCollum, B. and Berrang, S.A. 2011. TCRP Synthesis of Transit Practice 92: Transit Asset Condition Reporting. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Website/Source http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp_syn_92.pdf Focus Area(s)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-247 Captivating Value Assessment of conditions of assets in transit agencies, in general, had achieved only rudimentary progress by 2011. Decision Question This study did not seek a basis for making any decision. Decision Maker Decision makers in transit agencies can use the results of the study to evaluate potential improvements in assessment of asset conditions. Federal decision makers can use the study to evaluate potential federal actions to support such improvements. Relevance Investments in resiliency will depend on accurate estimates of their value, projections that funding sources will find credible. Valid condition assessments are essential for such assessments. This reports shows that it is highly likely that the "mainstream" asset management activities of transit agencies, without their accepting the additional burden of resiliency challenges, are only barely acceptable. Improvements in inventory management and condition assessment may be a prerequisite of resiliency improvement in many agencies. This report, especially in the case studies, shows the value of asset condition assessment in the mainstream activities of transit agencies and, thus, for resiliency planning. Status Completed. Critical Assessment Study approach is persuasive. Response rate of the survey was 82%. No gaps were noted in the approach. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary "State of Good Repair Backlog" – unfunded replacement and renewal needs Potential Keywords Condition assessment Tracking databases Lifecycle planning SGR backlog Decay curves
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-248 Citation Meyers, Warren S. 2012. "Rail Transportation, Vulnerability and Resiliency to Impacts of Climate Change and Recommendations for Objective Measurement Methods" Submitted to APTA for the 2013 Rail Conference. Website/Source http://www.apta.com/mc/rail/previous/2013/papers/Papers/MeyesW_Railway‐ Communications‐Systems‐Vulnerability‐and‐Resiliency.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X Document Type Synthesis of research literature Intended Audience Transit operators, Governments, civic leaders and researchers Abstract "Infrastructure systems are required in all civilized and industrialized societies and must be maintained at capacities that meet social needs well when challenged by complex variables such as weather and climate, national emergency or disaster." (p. 1)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-249 Agency or Organization engineering, operations, and maintenance. Geographic Distribution All of United States Type of Transit Mode(s) Discussion is applicable to all modes, however the primary focus is on rail transit systems Type of Vulnerability Vulnerability associated with climate change: primarily severe storm events and high heat days Goals and Motivations The goal of the paper is to motivate additional research in the development of methods and survey methodologies to establish a working and meaningful model to index the risk/vulnerability infrastructure. The nexus to resiliency is the secondary goal to provide designs that are sustainable and reduce negative environmental impacts in response to climate change events. Context Recognition of the interdependencies of transportation systems Summarized the climate change strategies of three very large transit agencies of the world Argues the need for metrics relating to risk, vulnerability and costs associated with adapting to climate change and becoming resilient Tools The following risk, vulnerability and cost assessment model for the Metropolitan Area Transit/Rail Agencies was provided in the document. "1)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-250 Decision Question Because additional work establish a working and meaningful model to index the risk/vulnerability infrastructure is recommended, the paper suggests the role of government needs to be reckoned. Since infrastructure is commonly funded by government, the role of government as it relates to resiliency needs to be defined. The author states that government has the responsibility of establishing the means to spur economic reinvestment to create infrastructure resiliency which has real costs and necessities for sound societal returns. Decision Maker Federal and state level policy makers Relevance The paper summarizes the author's research of literature from both international and US sources. The climate change strategies of three very large transit agencies were reviewed and summarized, as was the strategies recommended by AASHTO provided a helpful overview The lack of quantitative metrics and methodologies to index the risk/vulnerability of infrastructure remains a barrier to the prioritization and implementation of adaptation strategies Status Additional research was anticipated to be completed in 2013. Critical Assessment The paper provides a review of other work and identifies gaps in the development of metric and methodologies. There were very few specific tool, recommendations, or case studies identified in the paper. The paper does cite works that collectively demonstrate a wide range of research literature. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary Resiliency is defined in several ways in the paper: "Resiliency consists of three elements; lower probability of failure, less severe consequences and faster recovery times." (p. 4) Resilience is "the ability to deal with change and to maintain continuity of function of the system; develop the means for graceful degradation of services, the ability to recover quickly to a desired level of function and to require the cooperation between the public and private sectors." (p. 4)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-251 Citation Nakanishi, Yuko J., and P. Auza. 2015. NCHRP Synthesis 468: Interactive Training for AllHazards Emergency Planning, Preparation, and Response for Maintenance and Operations Field Personnel. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Website/Source http://www.national‐academies.org/trb/bookstore; Project 20‐05 (Topic 44‐12)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-252 Supervisor Training, 25 Exercises, 26 CHAPTER THREE EMERGENCY TRAINING AND EXERCISE DELIVERY METHODS Field Crew Meetings, 33 Just‐in‐Time Training, 33 Interjurisdictional and Interagency Training and Exercises, 34 Joint Training, 34 Asynchronous Training, 34 Train‐the‐Trainer, 35 Planned Events, Incidents, and Exercises, 35 Computer‐Assisted Simulations, 36 Classroom Training, 37 Online Training with Live Instructors, 38 Blended Training, 38 Exercises, 38 CHAPTER FOUR EMERGENCY TRAINING AND EXERCISE PRACTICES Implementation Challenges, 43 Training Needs, 44 Training Solutions, 45 Additional Findings, 51 Findings on the Use of Exercises, 53 CHAPTER FIVE EMERGENCY TRAINING AND EXERCISES TOOLKIT Structure of the Toolkit, 59 Key Courses and Catalogs, 61 Accessing the Guidance Documents, 62 Categories of Source Organizations, 62 Using the Source‐Specific Sheets, 65 Searching Effectively Within the Toolkit, 66 CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSIONS Key Findings, 67 Strategies and Tools to Deliver Emergency Training and Exercises, 68 Further Research, 69 Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization Research Sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in Cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration Geographic Distribution National ‐ US Type of Transit Mode(s) Transit highways Type of Vulnerability Traffic incidents Goals and Motivations "Identify interactive emergency training tools and sources appropriate for the M&O field personnel of state DOTs and PWs, identify obstacles to their implementation, and create a toolkit of relevant training and exercise information." (p. 1)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-253 Emergency training and exercise needs are identified using federal guidance and requirements, as well as an agency's emergency operations plans, standard operating procedures, and other plans and procedural documents. Evaluating the National Preparedness system, training for personnel.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-254 Infrequent need for training Lack of PC/Internet access Distance issues." (p. 67) Status Implementation Critical Assessment No assessment developed Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary N/A Potential Keywords Highways Maintenance and Preservation Security Emergencies Preparedness
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-255 Citation NYMTC Annual Report 2013. "Planning for Resiliency: Adapting the Transportation System to Emerging Vulnerabilities." New York Metropolitan Transportation Council, New York, NY. Website/Source http://www.nymtc.org/mainpage/2013_Annual_Mtg/NYMTC_AR_2013_FINAL_022813.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X Document Type Annual Report Intended Audience MPO subregions (counties, cities)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-256 transit service combined with closed roads throughout the region diminished people's ability to get to work. Many stores and offices were closed throughout the region, deliveries of goods – including gasoline – were delayed, retail sales plummeted and visits to tourist sites were curtailed." (p. 7) Transit agencies include the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York City Transit, Long Island Railroad, Metro‐North Railroad)
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Figur Dec Que Dec Rele Stat Crit Ass Add Com Esse Voc Pot Key e 1. NYMTC O ision stion ision Maker vance us ical essment itional ments ntial abulary ential words rganizationa N/A N/A The docu provides planning Subseque No critiqu N/A N/A Subway Supersto Resilienc New York l Chart ment does n updates on p for transit re nt annual re e necessary rm / Hurrican y ot provide an ost‐Sandy pl siliency. port released as this is not e Sandy A-257 y accepted p anning wile u in 2014. a study, but ractices or g nderscoring rather an upd uidance, but the need for ate report. TCRP A-41: was selected regional inte Literature Review because it grated
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-258 Citation Oswald, M., S. McNeil, D. Ames, R. Gayley. 2012. Identifying Resiliency Performance Measures for Megaregional Planning: A Case Study of the BosWash Transportation Corridor. In TRB 2013 Annual Meeting. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-259 Population Dispersion – Less centralized population distributions degrade resiliency. Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts‐ Urban decline, redevelopment and gentrification of central cities inequitably impact different socioeconomic groups and exacerbate environmental impacts.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-260 result from the current form of urban development in the U.S. and have not been adequately resolved through past approaches of delegating authority of sections of the corridor to state DOT's or local MPO's. "When applied to 7 transportation corridors in megaregions, and represented by performance measures such as 8 redundancy, continuity, connectivity, and travel time reliability, the concept of resiliency 9 captures the spatial and temporal relationships among the attributes of a corridor, network, and 10 neighboring facilities over time, at both the regional and local level." (p. 1) Status Stage of planning Critical Assessment No assessment developed Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary "Resiliency was defined as the "ability to recover from or adjust easily to change" is the inverse of vulnerability, and refers to more than simply the recovery of a system after a catastrophic event." (p. 1)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-261 Citation Rodin, J. 2014. The Resilience Dividend. Public Affairs, New York, NY. Website/Source ISBN 978‐1‐61039‐470‐3 (hardback) ; ISBN 978‐1‐61039‐470‐0 (e‐book)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-262 Goals and Motivations The goal of the book is to persuade people to encourage and support resilience. Context The context is the history of resilience in the face of disaster and the near certainty that other disasters will occur. Tools The book is a series of summaries of cases Noteworthy Aspects N/A Captivating Value Disasters happen, and resilience reduces the impact of disruptions, accelerates recovery, and creates opportunities for overall improvement. Decision Question Should communities, however defined, invest in resilience? Decision Maker The author argues that every individual and group of individuals has a stake in resilience and that success of resilience efforts grows with the number of people involved. Relevance This book cites countless examples of resilience of many kinds. The stories told in the book will help practitioners who advocate resilience to support their case to the audiences they address. Status Complete Critical Assessment The approach is logical and comprehensive, but it is very general. Its practical value for the transit community seems limited to attracting attention to the value of resilience and persuading the public that people have benefited many times because they invested in resilience. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary Resilience – "the capacity of any entity – an individual, a community, an organization, or a natural system – to prepare for disruptions, to recover from shocks and stresses, and to adapt and grow from a disruptive experience" "Failing safely" – the result of the ability of a system to "island" or "de‐network," so that the failures caused by disruption are discrete and contained.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-263 Citation Rossetti, M., Analysis of Weather Events on US Railroads, Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA, 2007. Website/Source http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/47000/47000/47093/118791.pdf. Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X Document Type Extended abstract of research presented at annual conference of Institute for International Policy Studies (IIPS)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-264 Tools Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Railroad Accident and Incident Reporting System (RAIRS)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-265 Citation Science Applications International Corporation and PB Consult. NCHRP Report 525: Surface Transportation Security, Volume 15: Costing Asset Protection: An All Hazards Guide for Transportation Agencies (CAPTA) , Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-266 Sponsoring Agency or Organization A forum for coordinated and collaborative research, the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) addresses issues integral to the state Departments of Transportation (DOTs)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-267 easy by supplying informative summary reports that allow a decision maker to choose between different threshold settings and countermeasure selections (p. 108) . Captivating Value CAPTool identifies assets and asset classes that are of highest consequence and thus most important to the functionality of the transportation mission (p. 108)
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From page 268... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-268 designed structures such as a cable stay bridge. Mission Disruption -- This concerns the adverse impact on the transportation system due to the loss of the functionality of an asset. Implying the redundancy of the road and rail networks, detour lengths to and from a disabled asset are used as a surrogate for mission disruption level. Detour length is readily available in current agency databases for bridges and tunnels. Transit facilities are assessed using ridership levels of an asset. Social/Cultural Disruption -- The social consequence reflects how the population might respond to the event through significant behavioral changes. These may include fear of travel or avoidance of a transportation mode or route. Fear and avoidance of transportation modes will lead to a decrease of commercial activity. There may also be adverse reaction by the public to the imposition of security measures, such as personal searches, needed to prevent a disruption or mitigate the effects of a disruption.
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From page 269... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-269 upon all transportation assets by inducing the evacuation of persons and equipment within the structure and surrounding areas. Fire and smoke will decrease visibility to unsafe levels, precipitate collision of vehicles and equipment, and cause personal injury. A fire controlled by firefighting may still result in smoke and water damage at a level sufficient to render a transportation asset unfit for use or occupancy. Structural Failure -- Any decrease in the physical integrity of the transportation asset to bear the weight required to carry passengers or freight. The loss of physical integrity requires the asset be inspected and major repair be completed prior to its reopening for beneficial use by the public. Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT) -- Liquid, solid, or gaseous materials for which the quantity of material introduced may be minimal but that cause a hazard to users of the system. Hazardous materials include common industrial cleaners used by transportation workers and canisters of pepper spray set off by transit users. In both circumstances, it is unlikely that the maintenance worker or the commuter entered the transportation system with the intent of discharging material into the air. Materials may also include hazardous liquid, which include debris or waste products moved into the transportation system by a vehicle, truck, or rail car. For CAPTA purposes, hazardous materials require specialized remediation that will close a roadway or transit transportation to allow processing. Natural Hazards Flooding -- The condition of excessive water inflow to an asset exceeding the engineered pumping capacity, and causing a hazard or threat to people and property. Flooding is typically caused by a calamitous weather event; however, it may be caused by defective pipeline transfer. Earthquake -- A seismic anomaly that weakens the fitness of a structure to standards less than that designed and intended by the owner. The earthquake will present a hazard to transportation users while it is occurring, due to flying debris and geotechnical instability. The earthquake may present a hazard upon its conclusion by weakening assets such that they are no longer usable. Extreme Weather -- All means and methods of extreme wind, rainwater, snow, ice, or other act of God that is unusual for its ferocity. An extreme weather event will be characterized by the exhaustion of all available equipment previously assembled for remediation and the exceeding of all planning thresholds in place at a transportation agency for the conditions of snow, ice, wind, water, and other acts of God. This characteristic would normally include exceeding the "100‐year storm" guidance gathered through observation. Mud/Landslide -- The sudden massive movement of soil causing actual or potential harm to person and property, prompted by water or geotechnical shift. The most common historical data in this category involves soil shifts onto roadways or rail facilities because of wet conditions. (pp. 54 – 56)
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From page 270... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-270 Citation Schwab, James C. 2014. Planning for Post‐Disaster Recovery: Next Generation. American Planning Association, PAS Report No. 576, Chicago. Website/Source www.planning.org/research/postdisaster Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X Document Type Applied research study in report form Intended Audience This document is aimed primarily at planning practitioners who are likely to engage in planning for post‐disaster recovery. Secondary audiences would include city managers and policymakers, emergency managers, public works managers. Abstract Planning for Post‐Disaster Recovery: Next Generation outlines a broad approach to the challenges of post‐disaster recovery. It first discusses the role of resilience in local government and their relationship to recovery planning. It provides a typology of recovery plans, both those developed pre‐disaster and afterwards. The core of the report details the preparation of those plans, in terms of goals and policies, the planning process, and the implementation and financing. The report concludes with observations pertaining to the development of community vision and related big‐picture aspects of recovery. Populations Referenced Community residents, city or county staff, planners, elected officials, city managers and department heads. Topics Covered The role of resilience in local government The relationship of resilience to recovery planning Typology of recovery plans Federal framework for disaster recovery planning Scale and spectrum of disasters as factors in recovery planning Institutional learning after disasters Goals and policies for recovery plans Planning process for recovery plans Financing and implementation for recovery plans Metrics of recovery Community visioning in recovery Type of Sponsoring Agency or Organization Federal Emergency Management Agency Geographic Distribution Most of this report focuses on planning in the context of local government, but it also addresses intergovernmental cooperation on a regional scale because most disasters are larger in scale than a single municipality.
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From page 271... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-271 Type of Vulnerability This report in some way covers or relates to all natural hazards, most notably referencing in case studies and other text: Floods Hurricanes Earthquakes Wildfires Tornadoes Goals and Motivations The overarching goal for this study was to establish a modern, forward‐looking framework for local planning for post‐disaster recovery, with an eye to differentiating those things that can be done before disaster strikes from those that must await an assessment of the pattern and extent of damages suffered in a real event. The motivation was to move communities forward in their understanding of the value of such planning in an integrated context where recovery fits into, and has a clear relation to, the overall planning process of the community, including comprehensive planning. Context There is no specific context for transit in this report. There are broader principles of post‐disaster recovery that can readily be adapted to transit planning as a particular planning function within the community or region, and for fitting transit recovery into the larger scheme of recovery planning. Tools One major tool provided is a Model Pre‐Event Recovery Ordinance that is intended to establish a framework within local government for planning and guiding recovery. It provides a managerial framework and process for enabling quick movement on standing up a local recovery function to expedite recovery planning. Noteworthy Aspects Model recovery ordinance, as noted above Typology of recovery plans, which provides a straightforward analysis of the benefits and limitations of pre‐planning versus recovery planning after the disaster Table and explanation of the scale and spectrum of damages and how this affects expectations for the type of recovery that the community must plan for Discussion of resources for financing recovery Captivating Value "When communities push the ‘reset' button after a disaster, they need to do so thoughtfully but creatively, with an eye on the high price already paid for placing too much of the built environment in harm's way. It is not enough -- not nearly enough -- merely to repeat the mistakes of the past." Decision Question The big question facing most decision makers after reading this document is whether they are prepared to move their community forward with pre‐disaster planning for recovery, and how they will use this to build local resilience. Decision Maker Primarily, this is aimed at local governments, but to some extent regional planning agencies that may be involved in coordinating recovery at a wider level. Secondarily, state and federal disaster recovery officials have influence on this process. Relevance While this document does not specifically focus on transit resilience, it provides some of the most advanced overall thinking on disaster recovery and its relationship to resilience that can be adapted into the transit context. Status N/A Critical Assessment N/A Additional Comments This document does not stand alone but is accompanied by substantial web‐based resources developed by APA to assist planners with post‐disaster recovery. These can all be found on the same web page as the document itself. These include a blog, the model ordinance, online case studies, and a database of federal disaster assistance resources. Essential Vocabulary While the document lacks a glossary, the model ordinance includes definitions that appear on pages 178‐179.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-272 Potential Keywords Resilience Post‐disaster recovery Post‐Disaster Redevelopment Plan (FL) Pre‐disaster recovery planning Long‐term recovery plan Green infrastructure Plan implementation
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From page 273... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-273 Citation Schwartz, H. G. 2011. "Adapting to Climate Change: Another Challenge for the Transportation Community." Transportation Research Circular: Adapting Transportation to the Impacts of Climate Change. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Number E‐C152, pp. 2‐9. Website/Source ISSN 0097‐8515 Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X Document Type Research Intended Audience Practitioners Abstract The paper outlines a series of issues surrounding the incorporation of climate change into transportation planning processes. Accepting climate change is occurring, the paper outlines a series of impacts to various regions of the United States while outlining the uncertainty the data provides. Diving into the concerns, it identifies approaches to risk management and the need for long‐term planning as necessary but also maintains awareness of potential data uncertainty. Populations Referenced N/A Topics Covered Outline briefly the impacts of climate change in generality.
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From page 274... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-274 (p. 6) Noteworthy Aspects The research outlines New Yorks risk and prioritization matrices as an example. The research provides a brief list of adaptation strategies by climate indicator. (p. 8)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-275 Decision Maker N/A Relevance Document highlights the need for long‐term planning since infrastructure is designed for 50 to 100 years. Status N/A Critical Assessment The paper provides a good introduction to the topic of climate change and its impact to transportation. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary N/A Potential Keywords Adaptation Adaptation Strategies Climate Data, Risk
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From page 276... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-276 Citation Snow, C., Rodehorst, B., Miller, R., Hyman, R., Kafalenos, R., Beucler, B., and Choate, A. 2015. Addressing Transportation Agency Challenges in Improving Climate Resilience: Two Tools from FHWA, TRB 94th Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers (Paper No. 15‐1119)
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From page 277... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-277 Climate Data Processing Tool. This tool was created to provide an easy way to gather and process downscaled climate model data, and "translate" that data into information relevant to transportation engineers and planners. The second tool was the Vulnerability Assessment Scoring Tool (VAST) . This tool was created to provide a framework for assessing vulnerability in a "transparent, cost‐effective way." These tools are thought to significantly advance the state of the practice for transportation agencies to respond to climate change impacts. Beta‐versions have been used "successfully" by several state DOTs and Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs)
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From page 278... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-278 on the FHWA website at: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/climate_change/adaptation/adaptation_framework/mod ules/index.27 cfm? moduleid=4. CMIP Climate Data Processing Tool ‐ This tool is designed to allow users to access local level, practical climate projections. Its outputs are tailored to transportation decision makers, and addresses the need to access and interpret climate information necessary to understand how climate change may affect transportation systems. As an Excel‐based tool, it is accessible to transportation agency staff. Derived variables from GC2 effort include temperature and precipitation variables calculated from climate model outputs of daily minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and precipitation. These variables are useful for conducting more detailed, engineering based vulnerability assessments, but the time and effort spent processing the climate information to derive those variables would likely be cost‐prohibitive in most circumstances. The CMIP Climate Data Processing Tool is designed to provide those derived variables in a matter of hours. The information can then be used to inform transportation vulnerability assessments and resilience planning.
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From page 279... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-279 Question Decision Maker The source does not discuss applicable/relevant decision makers explicitly. Rather they imply that broad user groups as planners, engineers, and administrators from state and local DOTs as well as Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) would be the users of these products and knowledge. Relevance The direct relevance of this information specifically to transit system agencies appears to be limited. As the tools and techniques are focused primarily on infrastructure design and planning they would not support transit system planning or operation directly. However, if used by related transportation agencies it would have potential to inform transit resilience planning in which, for example, agencies would be more aware of routes that are susceptible to flooding and pavement degradation. In broader sense, the outputs of the CMIP Climate Data Processing Tool can be used for climate model projections. As cited in an included example, they can be used to inform a vulnerability assessment, to determine whether the asset or system under study would be vulnerable to the potential changes. Users can compare variables against known thresholds to aid in vulnerability assessment especially in pavement designs. The projections can also be used to analyze asset vulnerability. While climate model projections are not meant to provide a single target for a design, they can provide a reasonable range of future values that can be used in sensitivity analyses that can aid decision making. VAST can help state DOTs, MPOs, and other transportation agencies -- as well as agencies outside the transportation sphere -- screen their assets or systems for which specific assets or general areas may be most vulnerable to climate change. This process can help identify areas for more detailed analysis or priority areas to apply strategies to increase resilience. Status The source states that "beta‐versions have been used successfully in several state DOTs and MPOs." Critical Assessment Although it is stated that these tools and methods have been beta‐tested with several agencies, no specific results were reported on in this source. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary N/A Potential Keywords Transportation Resilience Climate change Vulnerability assessment
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-280 Citation Spy Pond Partners, KKO & Associates, Cohen, H
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-281 Organization Geographic Distribution All of the United States Type of Transit Mode(s) The report presents a framework for transit agencies to use for capital asset investment decisions and is intended for use by transit agencies of all sizes and modes. Type of Vulnerability The document does not speak to a specific vulnerability, rather the focus of the document is assessing asset condition to achieve a desired state of good repair (SGR)
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From page 282... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-282 in default models for age and condition based tools were derived from FTA's TERM Lite.' (p. 48 (not a direct quote, but should be cited)
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From page 283... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-283 replacement decisions. The report acknowledges that ultimately decisions concerning rehabilitation and replacement of transit assets are motivated by the goal of maintaining or improving performance. Therefore, performance measures are critical and the report recommends that performance measures be defined for all physical assets and that agency costs and user costs be calculated for all assets. The report recommends analyzing assets by utilizing both performance measures and asset condition in the development of rehabilitation and replacement alternatives. The report identified gaps and/or areas for additional study, which include the need to better quantify the relationship between asset condition and user cost, to develop improved measure of sustainably and to relate investment levels to sustainability. There is also a recognition that transit agencies regularly must prioritize their investments, but little research has been performed to document how agencies prioritize and what constraints they face in the process. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary The report contained the following definitions and terms: "Transportation asset management is a strategic and systematic process of operating, maintaining, upgrading, and expanding physical assets effectively throughout their life cycle. It focuses on business and engineering practices for resource allocation and utilization, with the objective of better decision making based upon quality information and well‐defined objectives." (p. 6) "State of good repair, in the absence of a national consensus the de facto definition is that used by FTA for its reports to Congress on transit investment needs and incorporated in TERM. Based on TERM, an asset is in a state of good repair if its condition rating is 2.5 or greater." (p. 8)
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From page 284... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-284 Citation Stamos, I., M. Evangelos, and J.M.S. Grau. 2015. Roadmaps for Adaptation Measures of Transportation to Climate Change. TRB 94th Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers (15‐3752)
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From page 285... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-285 Mode(s) Type of Vulnerability Extreme Weather Events and Natural Hazards Goals and Motivations A quest to identify optional alternatives that will reduce the effects of climate change on human ecosystems, transportation authorities have not assurances that their choices will best deal with the challenges. Context This is an academic paper published as a compendium of papers from the Annual TRB conference. The study reviewed literature and conducted a survey with 62 participants representing research and academia and the business sector. The survey asked about four thematic areas, including: 1.
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From page 286... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-286 Citation Sun, C. and D. William. 2015. NCHRP Legal Research Digest 64: Legal Aspect of Environmental Permitting in the Emergency Response Environment. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Website/Source http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/172317.aspx Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X Document Type Staff interviews, case studies and web surveys Intended Audience Government agencies Abstract "This digest is to identify and recommend a set of best practices that agencies may employ in the emergency context in order to meet their legal responsibilities, respect public environmental objectives, and expedite the recovery process." (p. 3)
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From page 287... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-287 Goals and Motivations "One main purpose of this digest is to identify and recommend a set of best practices that agencies may employ in the emergency context in order to meet their legal responsibilities, respect public environmental objectives, and expedite the recovery process." (p. 3) Context The existing transit and resilience planning process has the following traits: Permitting process for transportation projects (mainly highways and bridges)
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From page 288... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-288 Keywords Pre‐Disaster Post‐Disaster NEPA Interagency relationships
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-289 Citation Webinar: U.S Department of Transportation. 2011. "Using Asset Management to Adapt to Weather Extremes: Lessons Learned from Transport for London." Website/Source http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/TfLwebinar15‐12‐11.pdf Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X X X X X Document Type Webinar slide deck. Intended Audience Transportation agencies and stakeholders Abstract Overview of the extreme weather impacts which have challenged London and the current management of extreme weather by London Underground. Primary focus was given to incorporation of addressing extreme climate events through the asset management system. The result of the study is future needs in planning and next steps. Populations Referenced Commuters and system users, interdependent stakeholders Topics Covered Climate adaptation process including risk assessment methodology and extreme weather impacts to transit assets; Review of an Asset Management Framework from the British Standards Institute (2008)
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From page 290... ...
TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-290 Noteworthy Aspects Collaboration between agency and water infrastructure to establish co‐beneficial solutions to highway flooding. A number of adaptations have been deployed mostly based on infrastructure design and maintenance.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-291 Comments weather extremes are desired but it's not clear if it has occurred or examples were simply listed. Concerns surrounding rail identified in presentation and no focus on climate change but extreme climate events. Essential Vocabulary The slides differentiates between climate change and climate extremes but there's not enough detail to provide definitions. Potential Keywords Climate Change International Risk Assessment
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-292 Citation Barami Ph.D., Bahar. 2014." Transportation System resilience, Extreme Weather and Climate Change: A Thought Leadership Series". Final report, Office of Strategic Initiatives for Research and Innovation, Volpe. Website/Source http://www.volpe.dot.gov/news/transportation‐system‐resilience‐extreme‐weather‐and‐climate‐ change Focus Area(s) Policy and Administrative Procedures Systems Planning Finance and Capital Programming; Capital Project Planning, Infrastructure Design, and Construction Asset Management Operations and Maintenance Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Recovery X Document Type Report Intended Audience All Abstract "This report summarizes key findings from the Transportation System Resilience, Extreme Weather and Climate Change thought leadership series held at Volpe, the National Transportation Systems Center from fall 2013 to spring 2014." (Report Documentation Page)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-293 Type of Vulnerability Climate change (air and water temperatures, sea levels and precipitation rates) Goals and Motivations A framework for tackling transportation challenges arising from the escalating threats of our changing climate. This report summarizes the strategies and realities within this framework. Context Transportation Networks within the US DOT are limited by size and funding. However, despite the limitations, adaptation strategies remain in place that provide adaptation through re‐zoning and ecosystem restoration. Tools "The NPCC Task Force recommended adaptation actions that ranged from incremental to large‐ scale strategies, with planning horizons that ranged from short‐term projects of less than 5 years to long‐term projects of over 15 years. Closely following the 5 facets of adaptation, the NPCC recommended an 8‐step adaptation process: 1.
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-294 draining flooded subways; Medium‐ and long‐term actions include carbon pricing as well as new zoning and building codes, floodplain buyouts, analyzing hazard‐related data to determine where it is safe to build or locate temporary facilities, or developing technologies that could be used to support mitigation strategies. Status Planning Critical Assessment The approaches presented herein are widely known and used, particularly in the NYC Metro region since Superstorm Sandy. A clear path forward and the next step for the planning process should be more clearly defined. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary Resiliency was not defined. Potential Keywords Climate Change Resilience Mitigation Adaptation Transportation Planning National Climate Assessment
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-295 Citation Victoria Transport Policy Institute (VTPI) , Evaluating Transportation Resilience: Evaluating The Transportation System's Ability To Accommodate Diverse, Variable and Unexpected Demands with Minimal Risk, Updated April 2014 Website/Source http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm88.htm Focus Area(s)
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TCRP A-41: Literature Review A-296 and improving resiliency. Tools Online encyclopedia Noteworthy Aspects N/A Captivating Value Not possible to predict every possible future condition. Responsive or contingency‐based planning refers to the idea that strategies are able to change over time. Decision Question N/A Decision Maker N/A Relevance The chapter outlines a framework for evaluating a system's resiliency and identifying ways to improve its resiliency through TDM strategies. While the chapter concerns the evaluation of resiliency at levels that are not relevant to our purpose (e.g., individual level evaluation takes into account how the system handles temporary vehicle failure or loss of driving privileges) , it also concerns the evaluation of resiliency at the community and regional levels, which includes the system's capacity to absorb shocks from natural disasters. Status Complete; last updated April 1, 2014 Critical Assessment Sound general principles but general approach may be of limited use for resiliency planning involving natural disasters. Additional Comments N/A Essential Vocabulary Resiliency is defined as the "system's ability to provide its critical functions under variable, uncertain and extreme conditions." (p. 1)
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Key Terms
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