Sexual Harassment of Women Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2018) / Chapter Skim
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3 Sexual Harassment in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
3 Sexual Harassment in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Pages 51-66
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From page 51... ...
That basic finding has not changed over the course of 30 years, and there is no reason to expect that it will. 2 The three types of sexual harassment are gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion.
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From page 52... ...
. Interviews, conducted by RTI International with female faculty in science, engineering, and medicine who experienced sexually harassing behavior, reveal some of the issues that explain this general climate of accepting sexual harassment (RTI 2018)
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From page 53... ...
Similarly, expectations around behavior were often noted as an "excuse" for older generations of faculty, primarily men, to perpetrate sexually harassing behavior. Many respondents noted that the "old guard," in perpetrating this type of behavior, was doing what they have always done and was not likely to change, because of a general acceptance within academic settings.
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In medicine, although women have been earning medical degrees in numbers at least equal to men for several decades, female medical school faculty neither advance as rapidly nor are compensated as well as their male colleagues (Ash et al. 2004; Cochran et al.
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Combined, these environmental and mentoring factors mean that there are increased opportunities for sexual harassment perpetration, in environments with little structure or accountability for the faculty member, and a decreased ability for students to leave without professional repercussions (Sekreta 2006)
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From page 56... ...
Their research found that "the majority of harassment experiences involved sexist or sexually offensive language, gestures, or pictures (59.1%) , with 6.4% involving unwanted sexual attention, 4.7% involving unwanted touching, and 3.5% involving subtle or explicit bribes or threats" (370)
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From page 57... ...
had encountered sexually harassing conduct from men at lower levels in the organizational hierarchy. Echoing many other studies, the majority of this subordinate-perpetrated harassment was gender harassment (e.g., insulting remarks about women, vulgar gestures, lewd jokes)
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The researchers focused on sexual assault primarily, and the survey questions on harassment were limited to crude sexual behavior and some forms of unwanted sexual attention (incidents of sexual assault were assessed separately from incidents of sexual harassment, and the sexist hostility component of sexual harassment was not assessed at all)
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From page 59... ...
to ask behavior-based questions measuring sexual harassment, including all of its subtypes: gender harassment (broken down into sexist hostility and crude behavior) , unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion (Swartout 2018)
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. 100 Gender Harassment – Sexist Hostility 90 Gender Harassment – Crude Behavior 80 Unwanted Sexual Attention Sexual Coercion 70 Percentage "Yes" 60 50 45% 40 30 25% 20% 18% 21% 20 14% 17% 13% 8% 8% 9% 9% 10% 10 6% 5% 4% 5% 3% 3% 3% 2% 4% 1% 2%1% 2%1% 2%1% 1% 1% 1% 0 Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Students Students Students Students Students Students Students Students NON-SEM SCIENCE ENGINEERING MEDICINE FIGURE 3-3 Faculty/staff-on-student sexual harassment incidence rates for female stu dents, by type of sexual harassment (University of Texas System)
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From page 61... ...
majors to experience crude harassment by faculty or staff, while female engineering students experienced it at the same level as non-SEM and science students experienced it (8-9 percent, compared to 18 percent for female medical students) (see Figure 3-2)
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From page 62... ...
there was a lack of awareness regarding codes of conduct and sexual harassment policies, with few respondents being aware of available reporting mechanisms; (2) the targets of sexually harassing behavior in field sites were primarily women trainees; and (3)
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used a snowball sampling technique to reach this diverse population of field scientists, and of those that responded, 64 percent (both men and women) had personally experienced sexual harassment in field sites in the form of inappropriate sexual remarks, comments about physical appearances or cognitive sex differences, or sexist or demeaning jokes, and more than 20 percent of respondents reported having personally experienced sexual assault.
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. Other research suggests that sexual harassment may be worse depending on the medical setting; for instance, women perceived sexual harassment and gender discrimination to be more common in academic medical centers than in community hospitals and outpatient office settings (Nora et al.
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From page 65... ...
a. Greater than 50 percent of women faculty and staff and 20–50 per cent of women students encounter or experience sexually harassing conduct in academia.
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