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7 Human Sciences
Pages 105-122

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From page 105...
... The challenges for human sciences R&D in this area are soldier workload, situation awareness, trust, influence, and cultural cognition.  Human cyber performance.
From page 106...
... After harvesting new discoveries and theories from the necessarily less controlled -- but more ecologically valid -- real-world research, the second step would test these new ideas in carefully controlled detail in a new generation of experimental studies. The existing projects, some reviewed here, pursue enabling technology, test models for analysis of RWB data sets, and test real-world inspired challenges in the laboratory setting.
From page 107...
... Related laboratory projects examine eye-fixation synchronized EEG as a potential approach to understanding EEG with free viewing. Extrapolating from the classic but simplified gaze-constrained experimental measurements, neural signatures of target detection, attention, and human state are indexed to the onset of an eye fixation during task performance.
From page 108...
... The RWB projects also have synergistic interactions with issues of human variability and the complex demands of multiagent teaming that are also the target of the Human Sciences Campaign research.
From page 109...
... HUMAN VARIABILITY Many of the efforts within the projects and topic areas aligned with the objectives of two ARLdefined essential research areas: human agent teaming and accelerated learning for a ready and responsive force. The human variability portion of the Human Sciences Campaign is divided into two main projects: Individual Soldier State Dynamics, which aims to develop a more comprehensive understanding of how the interaction of both trait and state factors account for human variability; and Contextual Influences on Soldier Performance, which aims to quantify the influence of social and environmental components on human performance, characterizing how they modulate a soldier's state dynamics.
From page 110...
... Individual differences in sleep duration, sleep need, and response to sleep loss have been characterized in numerous research studies, and incorporating such knowledge into ongoing studies of human variability as well as real-world behavior, monitoring sleep and fatigue of participants in all studies, and integrating sleep into the theoretical framework for understanding variability in human performance and behavior at ARL is well-justified and overdue. There are good collaborations with the broader scientific community under ARL's Open Campus Initiative.
From page 111...
... This expertise is far too narrow for the broad program of human variability that ARL is currently working on, and ARL requires a wider range of sleep expertise to advise its human variability program. Related to integrating information about sleep into the ongoing studies to understand how it contributes to variability, biological time-of-day (circadian rhythmicity)
From page 112...
... lab, jointly developed by ARL's Human Research and Engineering Computational and Information Sciences Directorate (CISD) for technical cyber research as a target of opportunity for research into the human aspects of cyber security, represents foresight into outreach and collaboration with other organizations, and it leverages investments made elsewhere.
From page 113...
... appears an important and relevant application domain that can benefit from new advances in data sciences and machine learning to create scale-up and impact. There is a great opportunity for creating an end-to-end R&D program that can leverage the multidisciplinary expertise and approaches while positively impacting the interface between civil affairs and operational commands.
From page 114...
... HUMAN CYBER PERFORMANCE Over the past year, the small Human Cyber Performance group has established a bold mission: advance a foundational science of cybersecurity that addresses the human dynamics of attacker, defender, and user interactions in Army networks to support training effectiveness and transition of agent-based technology to improve the operational efficiency and effectiveness of cyber-warfighters. Their primary focus is on the cyber analyst, and they wish to become a leader in the cybersecurity community by advancing scientific understanding and improving human performance of human cyber analysts in their critical role in defending real-world Army networks and systems.
From page 115...
... The group has done a lot with the resources they have and developed successful collaborations with cybersecurity researchers in other parts of ARL and externally, but their current staffing level limits both the breadth and depth of their research. The ARL cybersecurity effort in the human sciences campaign focuses primarily on studying and improving the performance of teams of cybersecurity analysts.
From page 116...
... One area that lacks depth is qualitative research. The work on sociocultural influences in particular seems heavily dependent upon the use of qualitative methods, but the methods used for conceptualizing research questions and analyzing and presenting data need some additional expertise to be brought up to the standards of similar academic research.
From page 117...
... One promising approach to achieving the necessary levels of expertise and to achieving an effective balance and interaction between experimentation, field studies, and their theoretical underpinnings would be the establishment of external advisory committees for each project area, as needed, and, perhaps, across the Human Sciences Campaign. Other means could include attendance at relevant workshops and conferences, mentoring by and exchange visits with outside experts, participation in consortia, and recruiting senior scientists.
From page 118...
... A mentoring program will not only benefit the individuals in question, but it will also benefit ARL. Recommendation: The Human Sciences Campaign should establish a mentorship program for early-career staff that includes guidance about how to establish a research niche within ARL, how to choose internal and external collaborators, how to navigate the ARL bureaucracy, when and how to seek additional training, and other career development activities.
From page 119...
... Three scientific areas that are sources of important intra- and interindividual variability are sleep, circadian rhythmicity, and genetics/genomics. Recommendation: The scientific areas of sleep, circadian rhythmicity, and genetics/genomics should be integrated into all ongoing human variability experiments.
From page 120...
... Recommendation: The Human Variability group should seek appropriate sleep expertise in the form of a scientific advisory board, hiring one or more sleep-performance experts and/or collaborating with a multidisciplinary sleep research group with particular expertise on sleep recording in field studies, sleep and performance, and individual differences in sleep duration, need, and response to sleep loss. Recommendation: The Human Variability group should consider having some of its existing personnel train off-site in leading sleep research laboratories to gain knowledge in sleep, and the group should also consider hiring at least one new postdoctoral fellow with training in sleep and performance.
From page 121...
... Recommendation: The Humans in Multiagent Systems group should, in collaboration with the Human Sciences Campaign leadership, examine whether keeping human-agent teaming, cybersecurity, and sociocultural difference research projects in the same program is facilitating progress in each of these important areas. Ensuring that an appropriate proportion of research projects are oriented toward "outside the box" ideas helps to push the envelope of how Army operations could be carried out from a human and technology perspective.
From page 122...
... Recommendation: The Human Cyber Performance group should interact with other government agencies doing research in this area, including the NSA Science of Security effort. The Human Cyber Performance group does not evince clearly articulated research goals in the behavioral cybersecurity area.


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