High-Performance Bolting Technology for Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Operations (2018) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix G: Subsea Environmental Factors for Fastener Design
Appendix G: Subsea Environmental Factors for Fastener Design
Pages 169-185
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From page 169... ...
Figure G.1 shows the 1955 to 2012 average annual mean sea water salinity around Earth. The North and South Atlantic have zones of relatively high salinity 169
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SOURCE: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) , National Centers for Environmental Information, "Ocean Climate Laboratory Team, World Ocean Atlas 2013 Version 2, WOA13F V2 Interactive Image Access," https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/OC5/woa13fv2/woa13fv2.pl, accessed October 18, 2017.
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From page 171... ...
There are also hypersaline pools in the Gulf of Mexico. These hypersaline pools contain seawater with up to 8 times the chloride ion concentration of normal seawater.1 Temperature The temperature of seawater at the ocean surface varies from approximately −2°C to +30°C, depending on surface temperature, cloud cover, latitude, ocean currents, and the time of year.
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2 ational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) , National Centers for Environmen N tal Information, "Ocean Climate Laboratory Team, World Ocean Atlas 2013 Version 2, WOA13F V2 Interactive Image Access," https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/OC5/woa13fv2/woa13fv2.pl, accessed October 18, 2017.
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From page 173... ...
FIGURE G.2 Average annual mean ocean surface temperature, 1955 to 2015.
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, National Centers for Environmental Information, "Ocean Climate Laboratory Team, World Ocean Atlas 2013 Version 2, WOA13F V2 Interactive Image Access," https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/OC5/woa13fv2/woa13fv2.pl, accessed October 18, 2017.
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From page 175... ...
In this reference, the "Density changes with depth" table on page 7 has been corrected to remove the depth parameter because the depth versus pressure relationship was erroneously based on the density of pure water, not 35 ppt sea water at 0°C.
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From page 176... ...
If the usual seawater density of 8.6 ppg is used, the calculated pressure TABLE G.3 Density and Pressure of Seawater versus Depth (seawater 35 parts per thousand and 0°C) Density Gradient Pressure Pressure Depth At depth Average At depth Avg ppg ppg=8.6 Depth Section (m)
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From page 177... ...
is sufficiently accurate for use in the Gulf of Mexico where water depths rarely exceed 10,000 ft.
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From page 178... ...
. The Florida Current, and its parent, the Loop Current, feed the Gulf Stream flowing warm water up the East Coast of the Atlantic Ocean.
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From page 179... ...
. SOURCE: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "Gulf of Mexico Data Atlas," https://www.ncddc.noaa.gov/website/DataAtlas/atlas.htm, accessed October 18, 2017.
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From page 180... ...
Eddy currents are identified by satellite measurements of sea surface level. Warm core eddies cause a very slight increase in the local sea level because of the thermal expansion of water.
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FIGURE G.7 Diagrammatic Loop Current map. SOURCE: Texas Pelagics, "Gulf of Mexico Loop Current," http:// texaspelagics.com/gom-info/gom-loop/, accessed October 18, 2017.
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The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
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From page 183... ...
FIGURE G.8 Gulf of Mexico current speed buoy stations, June 2, 2017. SOURCE: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "National Data Buoy Center," http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/, accessed October 18, 2017.
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From page 184... ...
184 FIGURE G.9 Gulf of Mexico surface currents, September 26, 2014. SOURCE: Texas Pelagics, "Gulf of Mexico Loop Current," http:// texaspelagics.com/gom-info/gom-loop/, accessed October 18, 2017.
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From page 185... ...
SOURCE: T Fleece, BP, "Mitigating BOP Failures," presentation at the Workshop on Bolting Reliability for Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Operations on April 11, 2017.
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