High-Performance Bolting Technology for Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Operations (2018) / Chapter Skim
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3 Options for Improving Bolting Reliability
3 Options for Improving Bolting Reliability
Pages 61-75
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From page 61... ...
in Gaithersburg, Maryland, graphically makes the case for the importance of standards to modern society: "It is therefore the unanimous opinion of your committee that no more essential aid could be given to manufacturing, commerce, the makers of scientific apparatus, the scientific work of the government, of schools, colleges, and universities than by the establishment of the institution proposed in this bill."1 1 eport on the bill to establish the National Bureau of Standards, House of Representatives, R HR1452, 56th Congress, 1st Session, May 14, 1900 (U.S. House Reports, Serial 4026, Volume 6, 1899-1900)
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From page 62... ...
, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Society for Nondestructive Testing, etc.) , plus well over 500 customer-specific standards.2 Appendix H contains a summary and brief explanation of the most commonly used bolting regulations and standards, including the pertinent federal regulations; industry standards, specifications, and recommended practices from API and ASTM; NACE Materials Requirements; NORSOK materials standard; and API flange bolt design specifications.
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From page 63... ...
The authoring committee for the National Academy of Engineering/National Research Council report Macondo Well Deepwater Horizon Blowout: Lessons for Improving Offshore Drilling Safety also believed in the advantages of goal-oriented regulations. Contained in their report is Summary Recommendation 6.1 "The United States should fully implement a hybrid regulatory system that incorporates a limited number of prescriptive ele ments into a proactive, goal-oriented risk management system for health, safety, and the environment."4 This regulatory system will prevent any firm from gaining a competitive cost advantage through cutting corners on safety, by forcing everyone to bear the associated cost increases of safety measures as a part of doing business.
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From page 64... ...
presentation at the Workshop on Bolt ing Reliability for Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Operations, April 10-11, 2017. Note: The contract was originally with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, but at some point during 2017, the contract shifted over to Argonne National Laboratory.
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From page 65... ...
QA/QC issues have been cited as a contributory cause by even RCA provided to the committee.9 Typically, there is a QA/QC specific team within each organization, and the final buyer has oversight of the entire supply chain. It should be incumbent on operating companies to ensure there are no lower tier supply chain issues and critical components are fit for service, and incumbent on the buyer to ensure that the parts purchased have the correct and verifiable pedigree.
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From page 66... ...
Both the FAA Aviation Safety organiza tion and U.S. Navy SUBSAFE regulatory approaches, and their governing authori ties, have elements that BSEE could tailor for their field of interest.
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From page 67... ...
Department of Transportation, has the mission to provide the safest, most efficient aerospace system in the world.12 The FAA was established in 1958, by the Federal Aviation Act, after aviation safety's wake up call, the DC-7/ F100 collision near Las Vegas, Nevada, which transferred functions from the Civil Aeronautics Authority to provide a focus on civil aviation safety.13 The FAA, working with the aerospace industry and its supply chain and the airline operators, including flight crews, have dramatically improved flight safety. American commercial aviation has become the safest travel mode.
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From page 68... ...
An example of the FAA's proactive response to an accident is establishment of the Jet Engine Titanium Quality Committee (JETQC)
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From page 69... ...
Continuous process improvements in the processing and inspection of premium-quality titanium 4. Proactive cooperative industry initiatives to enhance reliability of premium quality titanium rotating-part components The FAA regulatory approach has effectively worked with all stakeholders in the aviation industry to continuously improve aviation safety.
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From page 70... ...
For example, the critical fasteners attaching a controllable pitch propeller blade on DDG 51 destroyer required critical evaluation of the fastener design, an in situ study to determine the operational conditions, fastener material and specialized installation practices.19 The Navy has established the proper controls and processes to manage both standard and specialized processes and controls to meet high-performance requirements while mitigating risk. The nuclear submarine fleet has successfully established the institutional struc ture through the SUBSAFE program to ensure safety across the submarine fleet even as new designs are implemented.
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From page 71... ...
The SUBSAFE program has a clearly defined objective to provide maximum reasonable assurance of maintaining watertight integrity and recovery capability. To maintain the safety culture, clear, concise non-negotiable requirements are enforced through multiple structured audits that hold personnel at all levels ac countable for safety and annual training that emphases strong emotional lessons learned from past failures.
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From page 72... ...
Thus, it is likely that BSEE will need to under take the proactive role of establishing a consortium to construct a comprehensive 21 ee S the presentation summary for Frederick Kachele, Acting NAVSEA Fastener Technical War rant Holder, in National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Bolting Reliability for Offshore Oil and Natural Gas Operations: Proceedings of a Workshop, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2017, pp.
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From page 73... ...
Traditionally in engineering design, materials selection, manufacturing, installation and operation, this forum has been accomplished through the develop ment and use of standards and specifications. Finding: A challenge in improving the reliability of bolted connections in the oil and gas industry is the multitude of specifications and standards that currently ex ist.
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From page 74... ...
Finding: An overly prescriptive regulatory environment can impede newer technological developments and applications. A 2012 report on the Macondo Well Deepwater Horizon Blowout by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine stated, "The United States should fully implement a hybrid regulatory system that incorporates a limited number of prescriptive elements into a proactive, goal-oriented risk management system for health, safety, and the environment."23 Option 3.2: The committee endorses the Summary Recommendation 6.1 contained in the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2012 report on the Macondo Well Deepwater Horizon Blowout:24 "The United States should fully implement a hybrid regulatory system that incorporates a limited number of prescriptive elements into a proactive, goal-oriented risk management system for health, safety, and the environment." BSEE could implement this Summary Recommendation. 24 Finding: Standards will not totally solve the fastener reliability concern.
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From page 75... ...
There are many tiers of subcontracted suppliers that continually change due to costs and schedule de mands. QA/QC issues are often cited as contributory causes in failure analyses.25 Option 3.4: The committee agrees with the BSEE 2016 QC-FIT report, Evaluation of Fastener Failures Addendum that recommended that all bolts used in critical service in US OCS waters shall be manufactured by organizations that maintain sufficient quality certifications.26 BSEE could consider fully implementing this recommendation.
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