Science Breakthroughs to Advance Food and Agricultural Research by 2030 (2019) / Chapter Skim
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2 Crops
2 Crops
Pages 37-56
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From page 37... ...
. With increased support for public-sector agricultural research and public–private partnerships, it will be possible to bring the breeding success in corn to many other crops (such as cover crops, fruits and vegetables, and bioenergy crops)
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From page 38... ...
Plants have evolved to grow and thrive in almost all environments on this planet -- from lands with virtually no water to lands that flood routinely, and in all temperature extremes. This evolutionary pressure has given rise to the incredible genetic diversity of plant life that, when coupled with new gene-editing technologies, offers exciting new avenues for solving some of the big challenges facing crop production today.
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. Third, biotic challenges to crops including pests and diseases are an increasing threat due to agricultural intensification, expanding global trade, and extreme weather.
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SUB1A rice varieties bred using selection with molecu lar markers are now grown by millions of farmers. Rice survives root waterlogging because of traits that enable gases to be exchanged between the root and shoot.
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Gene editing creates the potential to identify and implement new traits in the field on a much faster timescale. Traditional plant breeding is slow and tedious as it can only exploit the limited quantitative trait alleles found in wild relatives, and then it can take between 7 to 12 years to utilize conventional methods to develop a new cultivar (Baenziger et al., 2006)
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. The "first" Green Revolution improved yield potential but did so without improving solar energy conversion, making improvement of photosynthesis the basis for a second green revolution.
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Given the inability to reliably predict the conditions that any particular crop may face over the growing season combined with more extreme weather events predicted over the long term (Walthall et al., 2012) , dynamic crops could better respond to such events and become an asset for enhancing food security.
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. It has been proposed that an opportunity lies in domesticating or improving specific plant-associated microbial communities to use them as soil or seed inoculants to improve plant growth (Parnell et al., 2016)
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There has also been some success using transgenic approaches to increase nutritional content. For example, biofortified rice that meets dietary targets for iron and zinc and has no yield penalty in the field is a major breakthrough in this area (Trijatmiko et al., 2016)
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3.6 Optimizing Crop Production Systems The gap between actual yield and yield potential can be accounted for by several sources of variance, including genetics (G) , environment (E)
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4. GAPS There is growing excitement in the plant sciences and breeding communities that we are on the cusp of a second green revolution. While the first green revolution was facilitated by the introduction of genes from other varieties and wild relatives, this second revolution will be fueled by basic research discoveries with model organisms and analyses of massive datasets that will combine to identify genes and regulatory sequences for targeted editing.
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From page 48... ...
Unfortunately, despite substantial progress in sequencing, assembling, and annotating genomes from a vast array of plant species, significant bottlenecks exist in the successful genetic transformation of most crops. Research is needed to improve plant cell and tissue culture, identify better methods of introducing genetic material, and modulate the plant development pathway to improve the receptivity, stability, and regrowth of the transformed tissue (Altpeter et al., 2016)
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leadership in crop improvement: 1. Continue to genetically dissect and then introduce desirable traits (increased photosynthetic efficiency; drought and flood tolerance; temperature extremes tolerance; disease and pest resistance; and improved taste, aroma, and nutrition)
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, using novel sensing technologies to sense plant nutrient status and stress, and using nanotechnologies for delivering nutrients and managing plant stress. Using the genetic diversity of plant and microbial life available together with new molecular and other tools is key for unlocking many opportunities for crop improvement.
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2016. Global conserva tion priorities for crop wild relatives.
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2017. Diversifying food systems in the pursuit of sustainable food production and healthy diets.
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2015. Meeting the global food demand of the future by engineering crop photosyn thesis and yield potential.
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2012. Crop losses due to diseases and their implications for global food production losses and food security.
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2015. Is yield increase suf ficient to achieve food security in China?
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From page 56... ...
Plant Cell Reports 36(5)
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