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... SECTION 1  1  Introduction  A continuous need to address passenger growth, enforce safe operation, and more effectively utilize rail  transit  infrastructure  has  led  many  urban  mass  transit  operators  to  adopt  new  technologies.  The  evolution  and  adoption  of  Communications‐Based  Train  Control  (CBTC)   technology  over  the  past  decades have grown significantly, which in turn made it a widely accepted signaling system for both new  mass transit projects and replacements/upgrades of legacy signaling systems.   CBTC's capabilities provide an advanced means to safely control rail traffic while increasing throughput  and  shortening headways. However,  the  selection of CBTC  technology  and  application  strategies  can  pose some significant challenges, especially when modernizing existing transit lines with goals to achieve  specific benefits and return on capital investment.   This publication seeks to assist transit agencies considering a CBTC system with understanding the need  for  supplementing  CBTC with  a  secondary  train  detection/Protection  System  (STD/PS)

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