Urbanization and Slums Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop (2018) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 1-4
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. The risk of infectious diseases for many people living in slums is further compounded by their poverty and their surrounding physical and social environment, which is often overcrowded, is prone to physical hazards, and lacks adequate or secure housing and basic infrastructure, including water, sanitation, or hygiene services (Ezeh et al., 2017)
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WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES To examine the role of the urban built environment in the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases that affect human health, the Forum on Microbial Threats at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, in collaboration with the Board on Life Sciences, planned the 1.5-day public workshop Urbanization and Slums: New Transmission Pathways of Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment.1 The following topics were explored during the workshop2: • The formation, function, and interaction of microbial communities in the urban built environment that affect human health; • Specific urban built environment characteristics, spatial heterogene ity, and land-use patterns, as well as social and behavioral factors (host and vector movement) that may alter vector distribution and increase or facilitate transmission of infectious diseases; • Critical opportunities, challenges, and knowledge gaps relevant to translating research findings into practical application of shaping urban environments that prevent and mitigate infectious disease outbreaks; • Innovative strategies, interventions, and policies for creating sus tainable and health-promoting urban built environments that con sider structural and socioeconomic determinants of diseases; • Obtaining valid and reliable data to monitor and evaluate imple mentation and progress of programs and policies; and 1 The planning committee's role was limited to planning the workshop, and the Proceed ings of a Workshop was prepared by the workshop rapporteurs as a factual summary of what occurred at the workshop.
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Chapter 4 features presentations that focus on translating conceptual models into practice, with illustrative examples describing efforts against the Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa, waterborne diseases in Bangladesh, Zika and leptospirosis in Brazilian slums, and tuberculosis in Cape Town, South Africa. Chapter 5 covers presentations and discussion from session 2 of the workshop, which examined effective interventions and policies for achieving sustainable and health-promoting urban built environments; presenters described experiences with water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions, with slum upgrading and health promotion in India,
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4 URBANIZATION AND SLUMS and with community engagement against dengue in Mexico and Nicaragua. Chapter 6 explores research gaps to bridge drivers and interventions toward scaling up successful practices, featuring reports from the breakout group moderators and highlights from the large group discussion.
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