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From page 395...
... D-1 CONTENTS Methodology ............................................................................................................................................. 9 Questionnaire Planning and Development ...........................................................................................
From page 396...
... D-2 Software and Hardware Vendor's Perspective ................................................................................. 104 Heavy Equipment Vendor Perspective .............................................................................................
From page 397...
... D-3 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 EERC Presentation Webpage for the Surveys ................................................................................ 9 Figure 2 Transportation Agency Responses by U.S.
From page 398...
... D-4 Table 45 Datasets Exchanged from Agency Design Function to Contractors ............................................ 33 Table 46 File Formats Utilized in Data Exchange with Contractors ..........................................................
From page 399...
... D-5 Table 92 Contractor Opinion on AMG Tolerances Specified by Owners .................................................. 50 Table 93 Contractor Opinion on AMG Hydraulic Sensor Selection ..........................................................
From page 400...
... D-6 Table 143 Agency Design Opinion on DTM Accuracy-CAD Standards ................................................... 69 Table 144 Agency Design Opinion on DTM Accuracy-Work Process Sequence ......................................
From page 401...
... D-7 Table 194 Heavy Equipment Vendor Opinion on AMG Accuracy-QA/QC Process ................................. 87 Table 195 Heavy Equipment Vendor Opinion on AMG Accuracy-Control Network................................
From page 402...
... D-8 Table 245 Contractor Perceived AMG Risk-Equipment Investment........................................................ 108 Table 246 Contractor Perceived AMG Risk-Internal Competent Personnel ............................................
From page 403...
... D-9 METHODOLOGY Questionnaire Planning and Development The project survey was intended to garner information from several groups of AMG stakeholders to define the current state of the industry. Separate survey questions for the stakeholder groups were developed by the project team based upon internal collaboration and the literature collected up t that pointing the research.
From page 404...
... D-10 • this project's AMG Workshop, • the Associated General Contractors (AGC) national membership, and • a Mississippi Department of Transportation AMG project.
From page 405...
... D-11 DEMOGRAPHICS OF SURVEY RESPONDENTS Contractors One hundred and eighteen (118) contractors participated in the survey.
From page 406...
... D-12 Answer Count Percentage Accounting (D) 1 1% Construction (E)
From page 407...
... D-13 indicating utilization both on Public Works and Private Works. A total of 52 out of 118 respondents either did not select a response to the question as indicated by "Non-Completed" (47)
From page 408...
... D-14 Table 8 AMG Applications of Construction Contractors Answer Count Percentage Earthwork.
From page 409...
... D-15 Figure 2 Transportation Agency Responses by U.S. State While it is convenient to organize transportation agency functional areas mentally as closely aligned and titled with names which mirror project lifecycles, the reality is that the agencies' functional areas/departments are organized and titled uniquely.
From page 410...
... D-16 Functional Area Count Percentage Non completed 0 0% Other: CADD Support, Support of Planning, Design, and Construction, Research, GIS, Engineering Services Division Agency Design Survey respondents identified their functional roles/job titles displayed in Table 10 below: Table 10 Job Titles of Design Survey Respondents Job Title/Functional Roles Senior Technician/ Survey Supervisor Senior Engineering Technician CADD Engineer - Roadway Design Assistant Design Engineer CADD Support Engineer Safety/Geometric Design Engineer Engineering Software Support Senior Manager/Construction Services CADD Support Coordinator Engineering Manager, State Road Office, Roadway Design Engineering Support Senior Project Engineer Assistant Chief Engineer - Operations Chief Engineer Director Engineering Solutions Delivery and Support Services GIS Coordinator Assistant City Engineer Design Engineering Manager Engineer Design & Construction Manager Geotechnical Research Manager Staff Construction Engineer C & M eng Assistant Director of Transportation Information Division Assistant State Roadway Design Engineer Performance Analysis Engineer Supervising Surveyor Senior Transportation Engineer, Chief CADD Support Branch State Design Engineer Transportation Engineering Program Supervisor Director Office of Design & Deputy Chief Engineer Engineer III, GIS Manager, Surveyor CADD Support Branch Chief Performance Analysis Design Resource Engineer Asst Chief Road Design Engineer CAD Manager Agency Planners and Surveyors Seventy-Seven (77) persons associated with transportation agency planning/surveying functions participated in the survey.
From page 411...
... D-17 Functional Area Count Percentage No answer 21 28% Non completed 1 1% Other: Survey, Research, Location Surveys / Mapping, Right of Way and Land Surveys, Contract Administration, Road & Bridge Constr & maintenance, Land Surveying, GIS, Surveying and Mapping, Location, Land Surveys, Engineering Services Division. Agency Planning/Surveying Questionnaire respondents identified their functional roles/job titles displayed in Table 12: Table 12 Job Titles of Agency Planning Survey Respondents Job Title/Functional Roles Senior Technician/ Survey Supervisor Senior Manager State Surveyor Planner Research Program Manager Contract Administration Engineer Region Engineer Senior Manager/Construction Services State Photogrammetry & Surveys Engineer/mapping and surveying Surveyor CADD Services Engineer Senior Land Surveyor State Location & Surveys Engineer Survey Manager Engineering Support GPS Coordinator District Surveyor SR.
From page 412...
... D-18 Functional Area Count Percentage Design (B) 4 3% Procurement (C)
From page 413...
... D-19 Job Title/Functional Roles Project Engineer, Construction Staff Construction Engineer Civil Engineer I, Engineer in Charge Construction Quality Management Engineer Acting Chief Project Control Office Innovative Construction Contract Procedures Specialist chief roadway std Performance Analysis Engineer Senior Transportation Engineer Transportation Engineer II / Construction Field Liaison in Central Office CAD Manager Software and Hardware Vendors Thirty-six (34) persons associated with AMG software and/or hardware functions participated in this survey.
From page 414...
... D-20 • Technical Products / Accugrade • Construction Machinery Division • Construction Division • Heavy equipment sales • Engineering Department • AEC Sales • Construction Sales Division Respondents to this survey reported their job title/functional role as follows: • Engineer • Application Engineering • Technology Specialist/Territory Manager • Construction Technology Specialist • Superintendent • V.P. Engineering / R&D • Controls Engineering Manager • Technical Development Lead Engineer • President • Connected worksite application specialist • Technical Team Lead Engineer • Manager - Specialty Products Group • Machine Sales Training mgr.
From page 415...
... D-21 • Leica Geosystems • Construction and Materials Support Center University of Wisconsin - Madison • AMW Group, inc. • Kiewit,Stacy and Witbeck,Reyes, Parsons, a joint Venture • 3D Surface Solutions, LLC • Kiewit • Western Carolina University • Western Carolina University • Purdue University • Pittsburg State University • Wentworth Institute of Technology • Michigan Sate University, School of Planning Design and Construction • Clemson University Construction Science & Mgt • Southern Illinois University Edwardsville • Western Illinois University • Purdue University • API - Associated Professionals Inc • CSU • Mesa State College Construction Management Program • Associated Professionals Inc.
From page 416...
... D-22 Respondents answered according to Table 17 when asked ‘If your company does not utilize Automated Machine Guidance (AMG) please tell us the reason(s)
From page 417...
... D-23 Table 19 represents cross tabulated responses from two questions in the Contractor Survey: • Please indicate your organization\'s PRIMARY type of business. • If your company does not utilize Automated Machine Guidance (AMG)
From page 418...
... D-24 Contractor Type and Primary Market Segment Not selected Yes Total Consultant-Public Works Market 2 0 2 Total 112 6 118 Table 21 represents cross tabulated responses from two questions in the Contractor Survey: • Please indicate your organization\'s PRIMARY type of business. • If your company does not utilize Automated Machine Guidance (AMG)
From page 419...
... D-25 Contractor Type and Primary Market Segment Not selected Yes Total Market Subcontractor-Public Works Market 8 2 10 Consultant-Private Market 4 0 4 Consultant-Public Works Market 2 0 2 Total 112 6 118 Table 23 represents cross tabulated responses from two questions in the Contractor Survey: • Please indicate your organization\'s PRIMARY type of business. • If your company does not utilize Automated Machine Guidance (AMG)
From page 420...
... D-26 Contractor Type and Primary Market Segment Not selected Yes Total Subcontractor-Public Works Market 9 1 10 Consultant-Private Market 3 1 4 Consultant-Public Works Market 2 0 2 Total 111 7 118 Table 25 represents cross tabulated responses from two questions in the Contractor Survey: • Please indicate your organization\'s PRIMARY type of business. • If your company does not utilize Automated Machine Guidance (AMG)
From page 422...
... D-28 Survey Question: Please rank your opinion of obstacles which challenge or prevent the development of 3D design in your agency/organization. (1=Highest Level Obstacles, 5=Lowest Level Obstacles)
From page 423...
... D-29 DTM CREATION, USE, AND SHARING Because Digital Terrain Models (DTM) are an essential element in the AMG process, the targeted project surveys attempted to discover current trends regarding their creation, use, and sharing.
From page 424...
... D-30 Survey Question: Would you as a contractor accept AMG data as a basis of payment for work performed? Table 33 Would Contractors Accept DTM Quantities for Payment?
From page 425...
... D-31 Survey Question: If Electronic Engineered Data (EED) is received from the owner, which of the following datasets are typically shared?
From page 426...
... D-32 Other: $2500/Lane Mile, +/- $150 per lane mile, Roughly $800-1000 per mile based on $80/hour bill rate, +/- $150 per lane mile, Cost per lane-mile ± $750 Cost per Acre ± $50, Typically 10 hrs to set up a 10 acre site, too early for our company to know costs, We work primarily on runway or short road projects. Cost per runway (1.5 miles of project)
From page 427...
... D-33 No (A) 8 12% Yes-as a matter of process/procedure.
From page 428...
... D-34 Survey Question: What file formats are exchanged? Table 46 File Formats Utilized in Data Exchange with Contractors Answer Count Percentage .tin (A)
From page 429...
... D-35 Survey Question: Does creation of DTM models add to the design unit's time allotted for production? Table 50 Additional Time Required for DTM Model Creation by Agency Design Functions Answer Count Percentage No (A)
From page 430...
... D-36 • A clear majority of procurement/construction units which do not share EED hold the opinion that contractors should be responsible for creation of DTMs for AMG. • An equal split of procurement/construction respondents felt that the responsibility for DTM contract compliance rested with either the agency or the contractor.
From page 431...
... D-37 Answer Not Sharing EED Sharing EED Other 1 1% 4 3% No answer 32 26% 36 30% Non completed 63 52% 63 52% Other (Not Sharing) : Design Review function.
From page 432...
... D-38 Survey Questions targeted at Agencies Not Sharing EED: Survey Question: If the contractor is allowed to utilize GPS Automated Machine Grading and/or Subgrade Staking by utilization of its own Digital Terrain Model (DTM) , should the contractor share this data with public works agencies?
From page 433...
... D-39 Answer Count Percentage Other 2 2% No answer 34 28% Non completed 63 52% Other: data is provided as information only, as it is not part of the legal plan set, it is not stamped. Survey Question: If your agency shares Electronic Engineered Data (EED)
From page 434...
... D-40 Answer Count Percentage No answer 39 32% Non completed 63 52% Other: negotiated with contractor depending on project specific agreements, depends on extent of changes and time interval before it is needed in construction. Survey Question: Do your field inspectors have access to 3D Terrain Models (DTMs)
From page 435...
... D-41 than GPS and Photogrammetric surveying as shown in table Table 65. The lower the number in the table, the higher the rating of the respondents (on a scale of 1-4)
From page 436...
... D-42 Training/competencies of owner-agency inspectors 52% 70% 60% In-field QA/QC programs/procedures 89% 84% 80% * This table represents the percentage of respondents choosing the factor as ‘Important' or ‘Very Important'.
From page 437...
... D-43 Heavy Equipment Accuracy Factors Contractors Agency P/C H_Eqp control response) Lack of operator training 80% 75% 81% End-user misuse of products (equipment, hardware, software)
From page 438...
... D-44 Answer Count Percentage Agency (C) 0 0% Consultant on subcontract to the agency.
From page 439...
... D-45 Survey Question: At what intervals do your construction personnel perform Quality Control (QC) and Quality Assurance (QA)
From page 440...
... D-46 Survey Question: Please rate the following factors with your opinion as to their influence on accuracy of Digital Terrain Models (DTM) : (1=Very Important, 5=Not Important)
From page 441...
... D-47 Answer Count Percentage Non completed 47 40% Arithmetic mean 2.44 Standard deviation 0.93 Survey Question: Please rate the following factors with your opinion as to their influence on accuracy of Digital Terrain Models (DTM) : (1=Very Important, 5=Not Important)
From page 442...
... D-48 Answer Count Percentage 4 (4)
From page 443...
... D-49 Survey Question: Please rate the following factors with your opinion as to their influence on accuracy of Automated Machine Guidance (AMG) : (1=Very Important, 5=Not Important)
From page 444...
... D-50 Answer Count Percentage Arithmetic mean 1.67 Standard deviation 0.68 Survey Question: How should owner-agencies request contractor assistance with Quality Assurance (QA)
From page 445...
... D-51 Survey Question: In your opinion, please rate the variables to accuracy with heavy equipment in regards to AMG. [Hydraulic sensor selection]
From page 446...
... D-52 Answer Count Percentage Neutral (C) 5 4% Somewhat Important (D)
From page 447...
... D-53 Survey Question: In your opinion, please rate the variables to accuracy with heavy equipment in regards to AMG. [Errors in setting up the control network]
From page 448...
... D-54 Answer Count Percentage Somewhat Important (D) 4 3% Not Important (E)
From page 449...
... D-55 Agency Procurement and Construction Function Perspective Survey Question: In your opinion, which areas should a guidance specification in public works agencies address? Table 104 Agency Procurement Opinion on AMG Specification Content Answer Count Percentage GPS Machine Guidance (A)
From page 450...
... D-56 Answer Count Percentage Other 3 2% No answer 33 27% Non completed 63 52% Survey Question: A digital Terrain Model (DTM) is required to perform Automated Machine Guidance and GPS Subgrade Staking.
From page 451...
... D-57 Answer Count Percentage Grade checking with Total Station collector (C) 22 39% Grade checking with laser technology (D)
From page 452...
... D-58 Answer Count Percentage Standard deviation 1.05 Survey Question: Please rate the following factors with your opinion as to their influence on accuracy of Digital Terrain Models (DTM) (1=Very Important, 5=Not Important)
From page 453...
... D-59 Answer Count Percentage Sum (Answers) 34 100% Number of cases 58 100% No answer 24 20% Non completed 63 52% Arithmetic mean 2.56 Standard deviation 0.99 Survey Question: Please rate the following factors with your opinion as to their influence on accuracy of Automated Machine Guidance (AMG)
From page 454...
... D-60 Survey Question: Please rate the following factors with your opinion as to their influence on accuracy of Automated Machine Guidance (AMG) (1=Very Important, 5=Not Important)
From page 455...
... D-61 Answer Count Percentage Non completed 63 52% Arithmetic mean 2.13 Standard deviation 0.82
From page 456...
... D-62 Survey Question: Please rate the following factors with your opinion as to their influence on accuracy of Automated Machine Guidance (AMG) (1=Very Important, 5=Not Important)
From page 457...
... D-63 Survey Question: In your opinion, please rate the variables to accuracy with heavy equipment in regards to AMG? (1=Very Important, 5=Not Important)
From page 458...
... D-64 Answer Count Percentage Arithmetic mean 2.53 Standard deviation 0.76 Survey Question: In your opinion, please rate the variables to accuracy with heavy equipment in regards to AMG? (1=Very Important, 5=Not Important)
From page 459...
... D-65 Answer Count Percentage 5 (5) 3 3% Sum (Answers)
From page 460...
... D-66 Survey Question: In your opinion, please rate the variables to accuracy with heavy equipment in regards to AMG? (1=Very Important, 5=Not Important)
From page 461...
... D-67 Answer Count Percentage Non completed 63 52% Arithmetic mean 1.91 Standard deviation 0.88 Survey Question: In your opinion, please rate the variables to accuracy with heavy equipment in regards to AMG? (1=Very Important, 5=Not Important)
From page 462...
... D-68 Survey Question: Please indicate the level of adoption, in your opinion, of the CAD Drafting Standards: (1=Most Adopted, 5=Least Adopted) Table 140 Agency Design CAD Drafting Standard Adoption Answer Count Percentage 1 (1)
From page 463...
... D-69 • Mn/DOT CAD Standards • DM3 Survey Question: In your opinion, rate the following factors for their contribution to DTM accuracy. [Elevation point density.]
From page 464...
... D-70 Answer Count Percentage Not Important (E) 0 0% No answer 12 18% Non completed 37 57% Agency Planner's and Surveyor's Perspective Survey Question: Is post-processed of RTK GPS utilized when project control is established for contractors?
From page 465...
... D-71 Answer Count Percentage No (N) 7 9% No answer 9 12% Non completed 50 66% Survey Question: Can you tell us about these specifications (RTK GPS Surveying)
From page 466...
... D-72 Survey Question: [Robotic Total Station surveying] - Rank you perception of accuracy between the following technologies for the collection of topographic data: (1=most accurate, 4=least accurate)
From page 467...
... D-73 Calculation Result Null values are ignored in calculations Q1 and Q3 calculated using minitab method Survey Question: What level of horizontal accuracy does your GPS equipment typically obtain? Table 154 Agency Planning GPS Horizontal Accuracy Answer Count Percentage 2 cm or less (A)
From page 468...
... D-74 • Less cross section stakes • No - we anticipate all projects in the future will use AMG • Making sure a GPS network is available at the project site. • No all projects are generally treated the same.
From page 469...
... D-75 Answer Count Percentage Non completed 14 40% Survey Question: In your opinion, rate the following factors for their contribution to Electronic Engineered Data (EED) accuracy.
From page 470...
... D-76 Survey Question: Please rate the following factors with your opinion as to their influence on accuracy of Electronic Engineered Data (EED) : (1=Very Important, 5=Not Important)
From page 471...
... D-77 Survey Question: Regarding software applications which are utilized for DTMs, please rate the following in regards to their contribution to errors and/or inaccuracy. (1=Most Important, 5=Least Important)
From page 472...
... D-78 Answer Count Percentage 5 (5) 0 0% Sum (Answers)
From page 473...
... D-79 Survey Question: Please rate the following factors with your opinion as to their influence on accuracy of Electronic Engineered Data (EED) : (1=Very Important, 5=Not Important)
From page 474...
... D-80 Answer Count Percentage Non completed 14 41% Arithmetic mean 2.2 Standard deviation 0.92 Survey Question: Please rate the following factors with your opinion as to their influence on accuracy of Electronic Engineered Data (EED) : (1=Very Important, 5=Not Important)
From page 475...
... D-81 Answer Count Percentage Sum 4 (4)
From page 476...
... D-82 Survey Question: Regarding hardware applications which are utilized for DTMs, please rate the following in regards to their contribution to errors and/or inaccuracy. [Human Error]
From page 477...
... D-83 Answer Count Percentage Sum Arithmetic mean 1.6 Standard deviation 0.52 Survey Question: Regarding hardware applications which are utilized for DTMs, please rate the following in regards to their contribution to errors and/or inaccuracy. [Data file sizes]
From page 478...
... D-84 Answer Count Percentage Sum 5 (5) 1 4% 16% Sum (Answers)
From page 479...
... D-85 Answer Count Percentage Sum Non completed 13 43% Arithmetic mean 1.75 Standard deviation 0.93 Survey Question: In your opinion, please rate the variables to accuracy with heavy equipment in regards to AMG? (1=Very Important, 5=Not Important)
From page 480...
... D-86 Answer Count Percentage Sum 4 (4)
From page 481...
... D-87 Survey Question: In your opinion, please rate the variables to accuracy with heavy equipment in regards to AMG? (1=Very Important, 5=Not Important)
From page 482...
... D-88 Answer Count Percentage Sum Arithmetic mean 1.56 Standard deviation 0.73 Survey Question: In your opinion, please rate the variables to accuracy with heavy equipment in regards to AMG? (1=Very Important, 5=Not Important)
From page 483...
... D-89 Answer Count Percentage Sum 5 (5) 0 0.00% 0.00% Sum (Answers)
From page 484...
... D-90 Survey Question: If you selected any of the variables to accuracy in the previous question, HOW do you IDENTIFY problems/issues in these areas? Table 200 Heavy Equipment Vendor Opinion on AMG Accuracy-Problem Identification Answer Count Percentage Limitations in the positioning methods (GPS, Total Station, Laser)
From page 485...
... D-91 • Specify the tolerance required and leave sensor selection to the contractor. • For paving, that would be how accurate the sensors are to meet certian specification or criteria.
From page 486...
... D-92 Survey Question: What should be in a specification for AMG related to machine equipment? Table 204 Heavy Equipment Vendor Opinion on AMG Specifications Answer 8 27% No answer 22 73% Non completed 0 0% • I think the specification should state that the technology being used be verified by the job inspector to be suitable for the application.
From page 487...
... D-93 Figure 3 File Types of EED Exchanged Across AMG Functions Interestingly, approximately half of the software and hardware vendors responded that their products were capable of data exchange via LandXML and they ranked that methodology as the most important. LandXML was reported as one of the most prevalent import/export file formats by the software and hardware vendors along with .dwg, .dgn, and .dxf file formats.
From page 488...
... D-94 Survey Question: What Electronic Engineered Data (EED) do you need for AMG which you are NOT receiving from owners?
From page 489...
... D-95 Survey Question: Which file format can surveyors use to provide you with topographical data? Table 210 Agency Designer File Formats Received for AMG Answer Count Percentage .dgn (A)
From page 490...
... D-96 Answer Count Percentage Topcon Format (native format of machine control software)
From page 491...
... D-97 Answer Count Percentage Electronic contact documents (J) 6 5% Finish Grade (K)
From page 492...
... D-98 Answer Count Percentage Sum Arithmetic mean 1.40 Standard deviation 0.63 Survey Question: What factors in your opinion will drive the adoption of interoperability standards for AMG? (1=Most Important, 5=Least Important)
From page 493...
... D-99 Answer Count Percentage Not Important (E) 0 0% No answer 5 14% Non completed 14 41% Survey Question: In your opinion, rate the following factors for their contribution to Electronic Engineered Data (EED)
From page 494...
... D-100 There were however, questions regarding legal issues associated with the filing of claims and the sharing of EED included in the survey questionnaires for the contractors, agency design, and agency procurement/construction functions. In response to the question 'Has your agency been involved in any "claims for equitable adjustment" or arbitration associated with shared electronic design and/or DTMs?
From page 495...
... D-101 Contractor's Perspective Only one respondent from the contractor's survey held the opinion that claims or change orders would increase with the sharing of EED, while 58% of those answering the question felt that sharing would decrease the likelihood of litigation or change orders. Thirty-eight percent of the respondents to the question in regards to the sharing of EED felt that it would have no effect on claims or change orders.
From page 496...
... D-102 Survey Question: If your agency shares Electronic Engineered Data (EED) with contractors in order to efficiently deliver projects and project quality, how is the agency's liability (for errors in the EED)
From page 497...
... D-103 Survey Question: How do your field personnel receive primary training for the required software? Table 231 Contractor Field Personnel Software Training Answer Count Percentage Our organization trains internally.
From page 498...
... D-104 Agency Designer's Perspective The following table is from the Agency Design Survey: Survey Question: What percentage of your design engineers have been trained for 3D design? Table 235 Agency Designer 3D Training Answer Count Percentage 0% (A)
From page 499...
... D-105 Survey Question: Does your organization offer training in any of the following areas? Table 238 Heavy Equipment Vendor Training Offerings Answer Count Percentage How to retrofit machinery for AMG (A)
From page 500...
... D-106 Survey Question: Does your course earn attendees academic or continuing education credits? Table 241 Training Education AMG CEU Course Credit Answer Count Percentage Yes (Y)
From page 501...
... D-107 PERCEIVED RISKS Contractors, agencies, and heavy equipment manufacturers/vendors were queried in their respective surveys to rate factors pertaining to risks in AMG technologies and methodologies on a scale of 1-5 (1=Highest Risk, 5=Lowest Risk)
From page 502...
... D-108 Contractor's Perspective Survey Question: In your opinion, what are the greatest risks for contractors utilizing AMG? (1=Highest Risk, 5=Lowest Risk)
From page 503...
... D-109 Answer Count Percentage Non completed 47 40% Arithmetic mean 2.11 Standard deviation 0.83 Survey Question: In your opinion, what are the greatest risks for contractors utilizing AMG? (1=Highest Risk, 5=Lowest Risk)
From page 504...
... D-110 Answer Count Percentage 4 (4)
From page 505...
... D-111 Answer Count Percentage Sum (Answers) 44 100% Number of cases 58 100% No answer 14 11% Non completed 63 52% Arithmetic mean 2.66 Standard deviation 1.08 Survey Question: In your opinion, what are the greatest risks for agencies utilizing AMG?
From page 506...
... D-112 Answer Count Percentage 1 (1)
From page 507...
... D-113 Survey Question: In your opinion, what are the greatest risks for contractors utilizing AMG? (1=Highest Risk, 5=Lowest Risk)
From page 508...
... D-114 Answer Count Percentage Arithmetic mean 2.19 Standard deviation 1.17 PERCEIVED BENEFITS Contractors, agencies, and heavy equipment manufacturers/vendors were queried in their respective surveys to rate factors pertaining to perceived benefits in AMG technologies and methodologies on a scale of 1-5 (1=Highest Risk, 5=Lowest Risk)
From page 509...
... D-115 Productivity gains and cost savings reported by contractors and equipment vendors are compared in Table 261 and Table 262. The equipment vendors appear more optimistic in regards to construction productivity gains while the majority of contractors report gains between 11 and 25 percent.
From page 510...
... D-116 Survey Question: In your opinion, what are the greatest benefits for contractors utilizing AMG? (1=Highest Benefit, 5=Lowest Benefit)
From page 511...
... D-117 Answer Count Percentage Arithmetic mean 1.43 Standard deviation 0.63 Survey Question: In your opinion, what are the greatest benefits for contractors utilizing AMG? (1=Highest Benefit, 5=Lowest Benefit)
From page 512...
... D-118 Answer Count Percentage 5 (5) 0 0% Sum (Answers)
From page 513...
... D-119 Answer Count Percentage No answer 46 39% Non completed 47 40% Other: too early for us to know, 51%. Agency Procurement and Construction Function Perspective Survey Question: If your agency allows Automated Machine Grading on construction projects, please rate the following: [Automated machine grading compresses the construction schedule]
From page 514...
... D-120 Answer Count Percentage Strongly Agree (1) 0 0% Agree (2)
From page 515...
... D-121 Answer Count Percentage Sum (Answers) 44 100% Number of cases 58 100% No answer 14 12% Non completed 63 52% Arithmetic mean 2.84 Standard deviation 1.03 Survey Question: In your opinion, what are the greatest benefits for agencies utilizing AMG?
From page 516...
... D-122 Answer Count Percentage 1 (1)
From page 517...
... D-123 Survey Question: In your opinion, what are the greatest benefits for agencies utilizing AMG? (1=Highest Benefit, 5=Least Benefit)
From page 518...
... D-124 Answer Count Percentage Non completed 13 43% Arithmetic mean 2.33 Standard deviation 1.05 Survey Question: In your opinion, what are the greatest benefits for contractors utilizing AMG? (1=Greatest Amount of Benefit, 5=Least Amount of Benefit)
From page 519...
... D-125 Answer Count Percentage 4 (4)
From page 520...
... D-126 Survey Question: In your opinion, what are the greatest benefits for contractors utilizing AMG? (1=Greatest Amount of Benefit, 5=Least Amount of Benefit)
From page 521...
... D-127 Survey Question: What percentage of cost do you estimate your customers save by using AMG compared to not using AMG? Table 293 Equipment Vendor Customer Cost Savings with AMG Answer Count Percentage 0-5% (A)

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