Direct Air Capture and Mineral Carbonation Approaches for Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief (2018) / Chapter Skim
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Direct Air Capture and Mineral Carbonation Approaches for Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration: Proceedings of a Workshop - in Brief
Direct Air Capture and Mineral Carbonation Approaches for Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration: Proceedings of a Workshop - in Brief
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These technologies can include chemical scrubbing processes that capture CO2 through absorption or adsorption separation processes. DAC can also refer to the process that involves rapid mineralization of CO2 at the Earth's surface, termed mineral carbonation.
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OVERVIEW OF DIRECT AIR CAPTURE APPROACHES Manufactured DAC DAC technologies capture and concentrate CO2 from ambient air. A description of various approaches to DAC are outlined in Table 1.
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Since the concentration of CO2 in ambient air is around 0.04%, compared to 15% and 5% for coal and natural gas power plant emissions, respectively, DAC is thermodynamically more challenging than CCS, and has to deploy novel engineering designs. Mineral Carbonation Mineral carbonation refers to the process of chemical weathering, where cations from minerals react with atmospheric CO2 to form mineral carbonates -- a permanent form of CO2 storage.
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Among the most significant, he listed carbon pricing policies, supportive market policies for materials and fuels made from CO2, uncertainty in the availability of base-load renewable energy, and a lack of understanding and support of DAC technology from the general public. Life cycle analysis (LCA)
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Moving forward, Holmes outlined short-term and long-term plans for the Carbon Engineering technology. In the short-term, the company is envisioning to pilot test a facility capable of thermocatalytically coupling CO2, captured by their DAC process, with H2, produced from water electrolysis using renewable electricity, to make synthetic fuels for the transportation sector.
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SYSTEMS LEVEL CONSIDERATIONS AMONG NEGATIVE EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGIES Niall Mac Dowell from Imperial College London discussed system-level considerations of DAC in the context of the whole energy system with specific attention to how negative emissions technologies (NETs) might interact and 6
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MINERAL CARBONATION APPROACHES In mineral carbonation, cations from minerals react with atmospheric CO2, forming mineral carbonates and resulting in a permanent form of CO2 storage. Greg Dipple from the University of British Columbia discussed mineral carbonation in mine tailings (see Figure 2)
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There are a number of challenges and opportunities for carbonation of CO2 in mine tailings. Dipple indicated that some of the challenges for mineralization are similar to the challenges of DAC technology described earlier, such as enhancing the efficiency of capture of CO2 from ambient air and increasing air-water circulation.
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Other approaches involve the application of bicarbonate minerals to the upwelling regions of the ocean, ocean liming, and electrochemical weathering. The costs of sequestering CO2 via enhanced weathering can vary over a large range, from tens of dollars to over hundreds of dollars per tonne of CO2, with energy requirements ranging between 220 kWh and 3,500 kWh per tonne of CO2 for basic and ultrabasic rocks.11 The reason for such variation, explained Renforth, is due to variation in large scale versus lab reaction kinetics; catchment scale kinetics seem to be far slower than the lab-based ones.
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REVIEWERS: To ensure that it meets institutional standards for quality and objectivity, this Proceedings of a orkshop -- in Brief was reviewed by Mark Saeys, Ghent University, Julio Friedmann, Carbon Wrangler, LLC, Eric W Shen, ExxonMobil, Dane Boysen, Modular Chemical Inc., and Niall Mac Dowell, Imperial College London. Committee for Developing a Research Agenda for Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration: Stephen Pacala (NAS, Chair)
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