Gulf War and Health Volume 11: Generational Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War (2018) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix B: Glossary
Appendix B: Glossary
Pages 489-498
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From page 489... ...
to build DNA or RNA. Blastocyst: A distinct stage of embryo development when the undifferentiated cells of the zygote implant in the uterine lining and differentiate into two cell types: the inner cell mass that will develop into the fetus, and the trophectoderm that will develop into the placenta.
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From page 490... ...
Examples of developmental toxicants include chemicals such as diethylstilbestrol, lifestyle factors such as alcohol, and drugs such as retinoic acid. Differentiation: Process whereby cells/tissues become more specialized during embryonic development.
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From page 491... ...
Enzymes drive key processes such as DNA replication, the addition of epigenetic marks on chromatin, and transcription of DNA into RNA and translation of RNA into proteins. Epigenetic code: In addition to the genetic code of DNA that specifies how genes are made into proteins, the epigenetic code specifies, via DNA methylation and histone modifications, which genes are turned on (transcribed)
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From page 492... ...
This can refer to the normal process of erasure and reestablishment of epigenetic marks that occurs after fertilization, or the response to environmental exposures that perturb normal epigenetic programming, resulting in establishment of an abnormal epigenetic program. Epigenetics: This term is most commonly taken to refer to processes responsible for heritable changes in gene expression that do not result from change in actual gene sequences.
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From page 493... ...
Genetic code: Three bases in a DNA or RNA sequence called a codon, each of which specifies for 1 of the 20 amino acids (e.g., the bases ATG specify the amino acid methionine) in a protein.
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From page 494... ...
: Pluripotent stem cells derived from adult cells, such as embryonic cells or skin cells, that can be "reprogrammed" to give rise to many cell types. This technology is important to the fields of personalized and regenerative medicine, and to understanding the patientspecific underpinnings of disease.
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From page 495... ...
Mitochondrial genome: A circular molecule of double-stranded DNA in the mitochondria that is 16,569 base-pairs long and contains 37 genes coding for 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and 13 polypeptides. Mitosis: The cellular process that replicates chromosomes and produces two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division, followed by the equal division of the cell nuclei and other cell contents into two daughter cells.
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From page 496... ...
: A class of small noncoding RNA molecules that form complexes and interact with piwi proteins (regulatory proteins involved in stem cell differentiation)
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From page 497... ...
Spermatogenesis: The process occurring in the male gonad of sexually reproducing organisms wherein the undifferentiated male germ cells develop into spermatocytes, which then transform into spermatozoa. It occurs in the male testes and epididymis in a stepwise fashion.
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From page 498... ...
effects, such as the impact of in utero exposure to particular nutritional, hormonal, or stress/toxin environments on the developing embryo and its germ line (which will eventually produce grandchildren) , from truly transgenerational effects that are found in generations that were not exposed to the initial signal or environment that triggered the change.
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Key Terms
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