An Assessment of U.S.-Based Electron-Ion Collider Science (2018) / Chapter Skim
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6 Impact of an Electron-Ion Collider on Other Fields
6 Impact of an Electron-Ion Collider on Other Fields
Pages 105-118
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From page 105... ...
ROLE OF AN EIC IN U.S. ACCELERATOR SCIENCE Chapter 4 described two concepts to realize an EIC accelerator that have been developed: one based on the existing Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)
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In the United States, the EBAF accelerator pioneered C 1 "The 59th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop, the 7th International Workshop on Energy Recovery Linacs," CERN, June 18-23, 2017, https://indico.cern.ch/event/470407/. 2 Coherent electron cooling is not obviously useful at higher energy colliders like FCC-hh, dis cussed in Chapter 5, where the beam energies are so high that natural synchrotron radiation damping already provides sufficient cooling.
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Magnet Technology The interaction regions of the present EIC design concepts have to accommodate and strongly focus incoming and outgoing beams of very different energies; allow the installation of crab cavities, spin-rotators, and other elements; and minimize the exposure of the detector to synchrotron radiation. These requirements result in complex and highly constrained geometries and optics, which require special magnets.
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electron gun that would be needed by the ERL-based design of eRHIC. Although reaching a goal so far beyond the present state of the art was identified as the major technical risk motivating the switch to the storage ring design, the outcome of this R&D could be of importance for future linear collider projects and the existing CEBAF facility.
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Importance of Sustaining a Healthy U.S. Accelerator Community World-leading discovery science in the United States requires that the nation's accelerator-based, national user facilities have world-leading capabilities to answer the important, open questions in nuclear and high energy physics, in materials, biological and chemical sciences, as well as in applications of these fundamental fields.
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All three of these institutions have active programs in accelerator physics with support coming from DOE/Nuclear Physics, DOE/High Energy Physics, and NSF. The BNL and JLab programs are both supporting relevant R&D for the EIC (and the development of highly trained Ph.D.'s in accelerator science)
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EIC AND ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING The goal of understanding how protons, neutrons, their interaction, and nuclei emerge from the strong interaction at a fundamental level calls for the combined strengths of accelerator science, large experiment collaborations and detectors, and theory, each of which are increasingly incorporating advanced scientific computing resources, techniques, and associated research. Nuclear physics, high energy physics, and computing have traditionally had strong synergies driven by mutual interests in high-performance calculations and simulations, in vast data rates and volumes with commensurate analysis demands, and in advanced networking and data sharing.
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These developments, combined with continued advances in machine learning and other areas, will open up opportunities for truly new approaches to nuclear physics experiments and analyses of scale, perhaps removing altogether the current distinction between acquiring the data from the instruments and their subsequent analysis. LATTICE QCD The exact theory of the strong interaction is thought to be that provided by quantum chromodynamics (QCD)
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D66:034506; Ph. Hägler et al., 2008, Nucleon generalized parton distributions from full lattice QCD, Phys.
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W Negele, 2002, Understanding parton distributions from lattice QCD: Present limitations and future promise, Nucl.
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This handedness manifests itself in heavy ion collisions through interesting transport phenomena, known as "chiral magnetic effects." Analogues of chiral magnetic effects have been discovered in condensed matter systems -- for example, in the semi-metal ZrTe5, where they may lead to novel spintronic devices. The initial formation of topological defects in heavy ion collisions is related to the structure of the color field in saturated gluonic matter.
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The Pierre Auger Observatory,15 located in the Mendoza region of Argentina near the base of the Andes, was completed in 2008. The observatory detects the collisions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays -- energetic nucleons or nuclei -- with atmospheric nuclei through the air showers that such collisions produce (Figure 6.2)
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The high-energy events are only slightly perturbed by their passage through the galactic magnetic field, and thus can be correlated with possible point sources.16 Investigators have observed a change from a proton-dominated composition at a few times 1018 eV toward heavier nuclei as the energy increases. Moreover, taking benefit of their hybrid data, they found a ~30 percent excess of muons in extensive air showers with respect to shower simulations.17 More recently, they also reported large-scale anisotropies toward the nearby distribution of extragalactic matter.18 An important goal of Pierre Auger and other high-energy cosmic ray studies is to understand the composition of the cosmic rays as a function of energy, as noted above.
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Constraints from EIC data could help reduce the uncertainties in cosmic ray composition analyses.20,21 19 Pierre Auger Collaboration (A.
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