Quantum Computing Progress and Prospects (2019) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix I: Glossary
Appendix I: Glossary
Pages 244-252
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From page 244... ...
Algorithm -- A specific approach, often described in mathematical terms, used by a computer to solve a certain problem or carry out a certain task. Analog computer -- A computer whose operation is based on analog signals and that does not use Boolean logic operations and does not reject noise.
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From page 245... ...
Coherence -- The quality of a quantum system that enables quantum phenomena such as interference, superposition, and entanglement. Mathematically speaking, a quantum system is coherent when the complex coefficients of the contributing quantum states are clearly defined in relation to each other, and the system can be expressed in terms of a single wave function.
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From page 246... ...
Complexity class -- A category that is used to define and group computational tasks according to their complexity. Computational complexity -- The difficulty of carrying out a specific computational task, typically expressed as a mathematical expression that reflects how the number of steps required to complete the task varies with the size of the input to the problem.
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From page 247... ...
Such an algorithm takes as input a cipher text and its encryption key, and returns a cleartext, or readable, version of the message. Digital gate -- A transistor circuit that performs a binary operation using a number of binary single bit inputs to create a single-bit binary output.
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From page 248... ...
Key exchange -- A step in cryptographic algorithms and protocols where keys are shared among intended recipients to enable their use in encrypting and decrypting information. Logical qubit -- An abstraction that describes a collection of physical qubits implementing quantum error correction in order to carry out a fault-tolerant qubit operation.
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From page 249... ...
using a specific approach, or algorithm. Quantum annealer -- An analog quantum computer that operates through coherent manipulation of qubits by changing the analog values of the system's Hamiltonian, rather than by using quantum gates.
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From page 250... ...
Quantum interference -- When states contributing to coherent superpositions combine constructively or destructively, like waves, with coefficients adding or subtracting. Quantum sensing and metrology -- The study and development of quantum systems whose extreme sensitivity to environmental disturbances can be exploited in order to measure important physical properties with more precision than is possible with classical technologies.
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From page 251... ...
In practice, the actual time required for a task depends heavily on the design of a device and of its particular physical embodiment, so run time may be described in terms of the number of computational steps. Scalable, fault-tolerant, universal gate-based quantum computer -- A system that operates through gate-based operations on qubits, analogous to circuit-based classical computers, and uses quantum error correction to correct any system noise (including errors introduced by imperfect control signals, or unintended coupling of qubits to each other or to the environment)
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From page 252... ...
Transport Layer Security (TLS) handshake -- The most common key exchange protocol, used to protect Internet traffic.
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Key Terms
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