Forest Health and Biotechnology Possibilities and Considerations (2019) / Chapter Skim
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7 Moving Ahead
7 Moving Ahead
Pages 175-182
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From page 175... ...
. Additionally, unlike the modification of agricultural crops through biotechnology -- in which a genetic change is introduced to and propagated in an individual cultivar or variety -- genetic changes incorporated into trees for forest health purposes need to be introduced into diverse breeding populations so that tree species can respond to biotic and abiotic stress over time and across their spatial distributions.
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From page 176... ...
Provenance tests, ecological niche modeling, and precision phenotyping across multiple ecological niches will shed light on the extent of the locally adapted standing genetic variation present along the wide geographical distribution of a species. Understanding the relationship of spatial distributions, genetic diversity, and local adaptation is essential for determining the genetic backgrounds against which
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From page 177... ...
of different interventions for forest health over time, the approach can be adaptively modified. The longevity of trees and the large spatial scales involved in mitigating threats to tree species from pests means that predictive modeling will be needed to evaluate the potential success of using biotechnology to confer pest resistance and to design the outplanting approach to best facilitate gene flow.
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From page 178... ...
Incorporation of climate change scenarios into modeling efforts would improve the design for species restoration efforts by explicitly representing uncertainty about the suitability of habitats in the future. It would be useful to model climate change scenarios whether resistant trees to be planted are developed using biotechnology or selective breeding.
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From page 179... ...
All management approaches will require sustained resources because eradication of widespread infestations has low probability, insect pests and pathogens can evolve over time, reintroduction of insect pests and pathogens is likely, and some options require decades for successful development and deployment. Continuing efforts to track the import of new pests, the spread of existing native and nonnative pests, and the potential evolution of pests in response to both increased resistance and other drivers will also be necessary to ensure that any management effort is consistent with the current and expected threat.
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From page 180... ...
• Public funders should support and expand breeding programs to encompass the genetic diversity needed to preserve tree species essential to ecosystem services. • Investment in human capital should be made in many professions, including tree breeding, forest ecology, and rural sociology, to guide the development and potential deployment of pest-resistant trees.
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From page 181... ...
how people consider trade-offs between values such as wildness and species protection. • Studies of societal responses to the use of biotechnology to address forest health threats should be used to help in developing a complementary framework to ecosys tem services that takes into account intrinsic values, related spiritual and ethical con cerns, and social justice issues raised by the deployment of biotechnology in forests.
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