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7 Enabling Technologies and Resources
Pages 153-164

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From page 153...
... The following chapter discusses the enabling technologies and resources required to utilize carbon waste streams. ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES Waste Gas Separation and Purification Waste gas streams are heterogeneous in their composition, and this heterogeneity poses challenges for carbon utilization.
From page 154...
... While methane waste gases associated with oil and gas production are typically relatively clean of impurities that hinder utilization, biogas sourced from landfills can include contaminants such as halogenated organic compounds, hydrogen sulfide, mercury-containing compounds, siloxanes, ketones, and sulfurcontaining species and that sourced from digesters often contains problematic impurities such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and a variety of organic compounds including organic sulfides, disulfides, C4 to C7 aldehydes, amines, quinoline, dimethylpyrazine, and organic acids, along with lesser amounts of C4 to C7 alcohols, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and aromatic compounds (NRC, 2003)
From page 155...
... In addition, many of the CO2-containing waste streams also contain oxygen, which accelerates amine degradation. Physical Absorption with Solvent If the waste gas stream is available at sufficient pressure, a physical solvent can be used in which the gas dissolves (but does not chemically react)
From page 156...
... improved mechanical strength. Waste Gas Transportation and Delivery The sources of carbon waste streams and other required inputs for waste stream utilization are often not co-located.
From page 157...
... It will be important to also consider the locations of courses and utilization technologies when constructing new pipelines to transport carbon waste gas streams. Carbon Dioxide Pipelines Carbon dioxide transportation pipelines are used to move carbon dioxide from points of production (either waste gas or mineral sources)
From page 158...
... Methane Pipelines In comparison to the CO2 pipeline infrastructure, the natural gas pipeline network in the United States is very large and provides gas transportation services to each of the lower 48 states. There are three different categories of national gas pipeline systems: gathering, transmission, and distribution.
From page 159...
... Though many processes in the chemical and biochemical industries require such inputs, they are particularly salient for carbon waste stream utilization where a net reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is a requirement. Hydrogen Sources There is a national-scale mismatch between the magnitude and location of hydrogen from low-carbon resources and the magnitude and location of the majority of carbon waste streams.
From page 160...
... Centralized production is a term used to describe large central hydrogen production facilities (50,000 kg/day) and oftentimes requires more capital investment as well as substantial hydrogen transport and delivery infrastructure.
From page 161...
... These facilities minimize hydrogen transport costs and infrastructure.4 Electricity Converting carbon dioxide to fuels and chemicals can require a large amount of energy. Reducing carbon dioxide emissions through carbon dioxide utilization will only be possible if the electricity and, in some cases, the thermal energy inputs are from renewable or lowcarbon resources.
From page 162...
... . In some markets, electricity is available, at times, at very low or even negative prices.5 When low-carbon energy sources are highly variable in their output, such as for solar and wind resources, compensating for intermittency can impose additional costs on carbon utilization processes.
From page 163...
... Also, some of these waste exhaust gases from the steel and glass industries contain fine particulates and/or condensable vapors which may be difficult to handle without significant capital equipment. FINDINGS A variety of enabling technologies and resources are required for widespread carbon utilization with net greenhouse gas emissions reduction.
From page 164...
... 2016. Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program Data Sets.


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