Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization Status and Research Needs (2019) / Chapter Skim
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11 Research Agenda
11 Research Agenda
Pages 215-228
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From page 215... ...
Many carbon utilization technologies will require separation and purification of these waste streams, and some utilization processes may require additional enabling technologies, such as low-carbon methods for generating electricity or hydrogen. Additional barriers relate to characterizing waste gas streams, implementing carbon utilization technologies at commercial scales, efficiently transporting inputs or products, and creating economic value while achieving a net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
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From page 216... ...
methane waste streams, including inputs of waste gases, enabling technologies and resources, and utilization processes and products. Utilization processes and products have the potential to generate significant economic value and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
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From page 217... ...
RESEARCH AGENDA The committee identified priority research in three main areas: needs related to the gaseous carbon waste streams that represent the main inputs for carbon utilization technologies, needs related to utilization processes that convert these inputs into valuable products, and needs related to evaluating utilization technologies in order to support transparency and informed decision making. Research Needs Related to Carbon Inputs Gaseous carbon waste streams are heterogeneous in their composition.
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From page 218... ...
Priority research areas include the following: Gaseous carbon waste mapping. Research is needed to map the detailed compositions and magnitudes of gaseous carbon waste streams, with particular attention to co emitted species that could either hinder or enhance carbon utilization processes.
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From page 219... ...
Mineral Carbonation Mineral carbonation processes use waste carbon dioxide to produce construction materials including aggregates and cement. Compared to other carbon utilization processes considered in this report, mineral carbonation offers the greatest potential for utilizing large quantities of carbon dioxide in the short to medium term because (1)
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From page 220... ...
However, there remain significant challenges to chemical carbon dioxide utilization pathways, including the low energy of carbon dioxide, the need to build carbon-carbon bonds, impurities in gaseous waste streams, and the lack of durable and highly reactive catalysts for processes of interest. Priority research areas include the following: Chemical catalysis.
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From page 221... ...
Systems that integrate carbon dioxide capture with conversion also should be explored to minimize the steps required for waste gas valorization. Biological Conversion of Carbon Dioxide Biological processes including photosynthesis and nonphotosynthetic processes offer numerous opportunities for converting carbon dioxide into chemicals and fuels.
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From page 222... ...
Research is needed to develop and improve methods for in-depth computational modeling, genetic manipula ion, biochemical validation, and fermentative demonstration. This could t improve metabolic flux, including carbon dioxide uptake and incorporation, photo synthetic efficiency, metabolic streamlining, and product accumulation.
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From page 223... ...
This could expand the portfolio of products made via carbon utilization. Methane and Biogas Utilization Methane is a major component of several types of gaseous carbon waste streams, including waste gas from oil and gas supply chains (in which methane is typically mixed with other low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons)
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From page 224... ...
Life-cycle analysis of emerging waste carbon utilization technologies. Research is needed to learn from transparent life-cycle assessments (LCA)
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From page 225... ...
INTEGRATION WITH CURRENT RESEARCH ACTIVITIES Research and development that is directly or indirectly relevant to carbon utilization is supported, directed, and performed in industry, academia, government, and the nonprofit sector. In the United States, research that impacts carbon utilization and enabling technologies is scattered throughout various federal research portfolios, including fundamental and applied research and development grant mechanisms administered by the Department of Energy (DOE)
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From page 226... ...
For example, life-cycle assessment research for carbon utilization is being conducted at RWTH Aachen University in Germany, and biological carbon utilization research is being conducted at the Flemish Institute for Technical Research as part of the European Horizon 2020 BIORECO2VER Project, among many other Horizon 2020 research programs on carbon waste gas utilization. Additional relevant research programs are under way in other parts of the European Union and in Japan.
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From page 227... ...
Support for carbon utilization research and development should include tech nologies throughout different stages of maturity, from fundamental research through to commercialization, and evaluate them using a consistent framework of economic and environmental criteria. POTENTIAL FOR DISRUPTIVE CHANGE The rationale for this research agenda is based on the assumption that large volumes of gaseous carbon waste, especially carbon dioxide, will continue to be generated in the coming decades through continued use of fossil fuels.
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From page 228... ...
This has the potential to not just reduce emissions of greenhouse gases but actually remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. These types of scenarios could change the research agenda identified in this report.
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