Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization Status and Research Needs (2019) / Chapter Skim
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The report also identifies improvements needed in tools used for evaluating the economic and environmental attributes of carbon utilization technologies. Because an overarching goal of carbon utilization is to curb the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the study focuses on technologies that have the potential to utilize gaseous carbon waste with a net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
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Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, makes up a far larger share of overall greenhouse gas emissions and, once captured, generally requires chemical transformation for use. Most technologies for utilizing carbon dioxide are at a low level of maturity, suggesting carbon dioxide utilization technologies have both a larger potential for greenhouse gas mitigation and a greater need for research and development.
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In the context of an envisioned economy based largely on solar and wind power inputs with no net carbon emissions, such technologies could enable hydrocarbon use while dramatically curbing greenhouse gas emissions. Finding 1: Carbon utilization technologies have a role to play in future carbon management and the circular carbon economy.
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are needed to utilize carbon dioxide at large scale with zero or net-negative greenhouse gas emissions. Finally, there is often a mismatch between the locations where such energy sources are available and the locations and magnitudes of emitted carbon streams, necessitating transportation or co-location infrastructures to bring energy and waste gases together for processing.
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Advances in technology evaluation tools would need to take place in parallel with the development of carbon utiliza tion technologies. A RESEARCH AGENDA FOR CARBON UTILIZATION A comprehensive research agenda is needed to advance a wide range of carbon utilization technologies suitable for utilizing various carbon waste streams, incorporating enabling technologies and resources, and producing a variety of carbon-based products.
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What is the potential market capacity of the analogous carbon • waste–derived product? Would the carbon waste–derived product be expected to achieve • substantial market penetration within years, or would it take decades?
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methane waste streams. Carbon waste gas streams enter each system on the left.
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Specifically, the U.S. government and the private sector should support • Research and development in carbon utilization technologies to develop pathways for making valuable products and to remove technical barriers to waste stream utilization; • The development of new life-cycle assessment and technoeconomic tools and bench mark assessments that will enable consistent and transparent evaluation of carbon utilization technologies; and • The development of enabling technologies and resources such as low- or zero-carbon hydrogen and electricity generation technologies to advance the development of carbon utilization technologies with a net life-cycle reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
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This could increase opportunities for matching waste streams with appropriate utilization processes. Research Needs Related to Utilization Processes Mineral carbonation Controlling Research is needed to understand the fundamental carbonation chemical features that control the relative rates of reactions carbonation and hydration.
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, special attention should be given to designing catalysts that tolerate the impurities present in carbon dioxide– containing waste streams to avoid costly and energy intensive carbon dioxide purifications. Avoiding Research is needed to find ways to avoid stoichiometric stoichiometric additives that are not integrated into products, or additives to identify additives that are easily regenerated.
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Biological carbon Bioreactor and Research is needed to improve bioreactor system dioxide utilization cultivation design for efficient carbon dioxide solvation, mass optimization transfer, dewatering and harvesting, and management and recycling of water and nutrients. This may include development of better computational and modeling tools for optimizing cultivation processes.
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Research Needs for Evaluating Utilization Technologies Life-cycle Life-cycle Research is needed to develop benchmark life-cycle assessment assessment assessments of waste gas generation, waste gas cleanup, benchmarking waste gas transport, electricity inputs, hydrogen inputs, and other enabling technologies to facilitate consistent and transparent assessments of the net greenhouse gas emissions of carbon utilization technologies. These benchmark assessments would include multiple environmental attributes of carbon utilization life cycles, such as greenhouse gas emissions, water use, air emissions, and materials use.
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Cross-cutting Process system improvement: Examples include more efficient techniques for mass transport or solvation of gaseous waste, better process-monitoring techniques, process intensification and optimization, integration of carbon utilization processes with carbon capture technologies, integration of catalysis research with reactor design, and techniques for managing and recycling inputs or products to minimize waste. Improved catalysis: Examples include catalysts for accelerating carbonation based on control and distributions of surface sites on catalysts (for mineral carbonation)
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Support for carbon utilization research and development should include tech nologies throughout different stages of maturity, from fundamental research through to commercialization, and evaluate them using a consistent framework of economic and environmental criteria. CONCLUDING REMARKS This research agenda reflects the priority needs that would enable the advancement of a wide range of carbon utilization technologies suitable for utilizing various carbon waste streams to produce a variety of carbon-based products.
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