Frontiers of Materials Research A Decadal Survey (2019) / Chapter Skim
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5 National Competitiveness
5 National Competitiveness
Pages 220-250
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Sanford L Moskowitz, in his book Advanced Materials Innovation, Managing Global Technology in the 21st Century,2 estimates that over three-quarters of all economic growth by 2030 to 2050 will be attributable to the development and application of advanced materials and that investments in materials research (MR)
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Many of the world's larger nations and economies have recognized this relationship, and recent trends show that today many nations have developed and articulated national investment strategies to ensure robust progress in MR for national competitiveness in a global economy. In some cases, these national strategies target specific national needs, and are internal to the nation; in others, collaborations have begun to be included in the investment tactics.
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, and the total budget for basic research was $83 billion, about 44 percent provided by the federal government and 27 percent by industry.5 In 2009, China, with the second largest science base in the world, spent about $154 billion gross (government and industry) on R&D, less than the European Union (EU; $298 billion)
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Aware that fostering innovation and technological advance in materials science and engineering increases the probability of thriving in this global environment, individual countries and the EU have developed programs and institutions to support materials research and development. In planning U.S.
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At least six of these have substantial materials science com ponent. The original country reports often featured materials science more explic itly (e.g., Canada -- nanotechnology and materials science; EU -- physical science and manufacturing enabling technologies; United Kingdom -- advanced materials)
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identified the need and value of knowledge and technology transfer in MS&E in Europe. In July 2017, the European Commission published a summary17 of 11 recommendations based on results of the interim evaluation of Horizon 2020 and other documents and reports: "Our main message, and vision, is that investing in research and innovation is increasingly crucial for shaping a better European future in a rapidly globalizing world, where success depends ever more on the production and conversion of knowledge into innovation." Major initiatives include EuMaT -- European Platform for Advanced Engineering Materials and Technologies -- and ESF -- the European Science Foundation.
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• Its overall policy is directed toward the achievement and maintenance of leadership and global competitiveness in advanced engineering materials. EuMaT works with other major organizations via collaboration and networking with the main European organization in this space such as the European Materials Research Society, the Federation of European Materials Societies, and the European Materials Forum.
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The Academy of Finland en gages in global cooperation with research funding agencies; it organized joint calls together with Brazil (Sao Paolo Research Foundation) on MR and with India (Department of Science and Technology)
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22 European Union, "EMC2: European Cluster Collaboration Platform," https://www.cluster collaboration.eu/cluster-organisations/emc2, accessed November 21, 2018. 23 French Institutes of Technology, "Institute of Shared Technology Research," https://www.irt-jules verne.fr/, accessed November 21, 2018.
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Their ability to bridge the so-called valley of death27 by bringing industry needs to research projects has been recognized in key MR arenas such as manufacturing automation. The Leibniz Association connects independent research institutes that address issues of international societal importance, spanning the humanities and 25 HTS -- Hightech-Strategie.
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Industry 4.0 en visions Cyber-Physical Systems comprised of "smart machines, storage systems, and production facilities capable of autonomously exchanging information, trig gering actions and controlling each other independently," designed to impart "a new level of organization and control of the entire value chain" to include custody over the full product life cycle.29 This vision, related to the IoT, although in its infancy is believed by many to be the future of manufacturing, and it is being promoted by the industrial world and, in particular, by China. It is not surprising that AM is considered a part of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
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A Materials Exchange Research Forum operated by EPSCR is a platform for coordinating research. In November 2015, the Knowledge Transfer Network of the United Kingdom published a thorough review, "Survey of Market Needs and Growth Potential: Advanced Materials Study," that both identifies important materials areas for fu ture growth and the resources and weakness of the United Kingdom in the areas in question.
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in 2016-2020 in areas of strategic electronic materials, key basic materials, biomedical materials and tissue replacement, nanometer science, additive manufacturing and laser manufacturing, and material genetic engineer ing. The National Natural Science Foundation of China plans to support about 4 billion yuan ($640 million)
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There will be a new Beijing Advanced Photon Source, a Synergetic Extreme Condition User Facility, the Earth System Simulator (to be started in 2018 or 2019) , and the extreme condition platform.
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published Japan's Fifth Basic Plan for Science and Technology (S&T) .33 The ¥26 trillion (~230 bil lion USD)
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Of the 12 S&T themes SIP manages, the two largest with a strong grounding in MR and innovation are the Structural Materials for Innovation (SM4I) and Next-Generation Power Electronics programs.
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Drilling down to the next level of S&T impact and funding, Japan retains the globally renowned National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Tech nology (AIST) , one of the largest public research organizations in Japan.
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This section will present brief case histories highlighting these trends. 5.3.1 Case 1 -- Flat Panel Liquid Crystal Displays This is by now a fairly old story, played out over more than three decades, but it is illustrative of how the mélange of great creativity, unwillingness to abandon old ways, persistence, and missed opportunities determine the course of development of new products.
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The manufacturers of aircraft engines had gained experience using AM to prototype 34 Based on communication with S.L. Moskowitz, author of Advanced Materials Innovation: Manag ing Global Technology in the 21st Century," Wiley, 2016.
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GE Aviation acquired Morris Technologies in 2012, and in 2016 it spent more than $1 billion to buy controlling stakes in Sweden's Arcam AB and Germany's Concept Laser, two leading manufacturers of industrial 3D printers. In 2013, it also acquired the Italian firm Avio Aero, which now has one of the most advanced 3D manufacturing facilities in Europe, and it is already making parts for the TiAl turbine blades for the GE9X -- the largest jet engine ever built.
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Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, "Solar Photovoltaic Tech nology Basics," https://www.nrel.gov/research/re-photovoltaics.html, accessed September 24, 2018.
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In 1977, President Jimmy Carter established what was to become the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, Colorado, which, among other things, provides independent verification of efficiencies of solar cells.
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It developed a CIGS PV ink that it spread on a flexible substrate whereupon nanoparticles in the ink aligned under a self-assembly process. In December 2007, it started solar cell production in its San Jose factory, and by February 2012, it had reached a production capacity of 115 MW per year, but in the end its total actual production was only 50 MW.42 Like Solyndra, it went out of business (in 2013)
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Sony used a soft carbon host structure (coke) in the first commercial battery containing lithium at the anode instead of metallic lithium, although the quest for Li-metal anodes continues today owing to the higher energy density attainable.
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Today, high-energy-density 18650 cells deliver more than 3000 mA-h, and the costs are dropping further. Cost reduction, increased specific energy, and the absence of toxic material paved the road to make Li-ion the universally accepted battery for portable applications, heavy industries, electric power trains, and satellites.45 5.4 SCIENCE DIPLOMACY WITH INDUSTRIAL AND HOMELAND SECURITY The findings in this decadal survey stress the need for continued international collaboration -- especially as facilities become larger, more complex, and expensive.
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Ceasing international collaborations will put the United States at a great dis advantage for MR, from the most fundamental to the most applied industrial research. In the past, scientists knew how to write papers, discuss research, and present talks; sharing what needed to be shared, while keeping any sensitive ma terials confidential.
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Key Recommendation: The U.S. government, with input from all agencies supporting materials research, should take coordinated steps beginning in 2020 to fully assess the threat of increased worldwide competition to its leadership in materials science and in advanced and smart manufacturing.
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Finding: International scientific collaboration and science diplomacy is vital to U.S. success in fundamental and applied materials research.
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Appendixes
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Key Terms
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