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Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration A Research Agenda (2019) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix E: Carbon Mineralization
Pages 479-486

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From page 479...
... Extraction, Reactant Transport, and Pre-Processing Alkalinity stored in naturally occurring silicate deposits can be made available for onsite carbonation through mining, separating, crushing to size, and delivery via truck or rail depending on distance to source.2 Because the drilling, blasting, excavation, and hauling activities associated with mineral extraction vary based on quarry location, the energetic consumption is expected to fall between similar low- and high-intensity extractions (97.0 MJ/t and 360.9 MJ/t) (Kirchofer et al., 2012)
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From page 480...
... Using a standard diesel conversion of 2.68 kg CO2 per liter and assuming a 3 percent material loss during transport, transport via truck and rail freight yields 0.11 kg CO2 and 0.03 kg CO2 per ton-mile, respectively. Alternatively, in some cases ex situ mineral carbonation could be done at the source of solid reactants (mine tailings, quarry, alkaline waste site)
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From page 481...
... up to reaction temperature plus any specific heat capacity and temperature change required:. additional energy tomass transfer ofheat loss fromliquid phase.
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From page 482...
... , and D represents the impeller diameter, taken as one-third of the reactor tank diameter.5 The total energy is thus contingent on the reaction speed, where the rate of CO2 carbonation is considered total energy is thus contingent on the reaction speed, where the rate of CO2 carbonation is considered limiting. Here it is assumed that the rate of carbonation is dependent on the alkaline feedstock dissolution limiting.AHere it is assumed that the rate of carbonation is dependent on the alkaline feedstock dissolution and not onPthe mass X E PENDI and not on the mass transfer of CO2 into the liquid phase.
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From page 483...
... If, instead, the processed carbonate heads for open mine disposal as back-fill, the energy cost can be assumed as 50 percent that of low-intensity mining. The total cost for an ex situ mineral carbonation system is an order of magnitude larger than that observed for in situ systems (Table E.1)
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From page 484...
... . TABLE E.1  Economic Costs Associated with Reliable Storage via Ex Situ Mineral Carbonation CAPEX Cost ($M)
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From page 485...
... vs natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) , average value of 55 used in total.
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Key Terms

  • grain size
  • chemical conversion
  • natural gas
  • situ mineral
  • energy required

  • heat flux
  • alkaline feedstock
  • electricity sourced
  • feedstock dissolution
  • recycle water

  • mix reactants
  • work index
  • power sourced
  • additional energy
  • using power

  • total energy
  • water consumption
  • downstream processing
  • reactor tank
  • electric work

  • specific heat
  • processed recycled
  • percent passing
  • passing size
  • heat capacity

  • desired grain
  • industrial waste
  • gas fired
  • heat loss
  • mineral extraction


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