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Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration A Research Agenda (2019) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix F: Geologic Storage
Pages 487-496

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From page 487...
... tal injection of CO into peridotite or basalt and injecting COMPRESSION AT THECAPTURE UNIT COMPRESSION AT THE CAPTURE UNIT Following separation of CO from flue gas, air, or some other source, the now rich CO2 Following separation of CO22from flue gas, air, or some other source, the now rich CO2 stream must be dehydrated and compressed to a level suitable for a level suitable for transport,MPa for pipeline stream must be dehydrated and compressed to transport, typically above 10 typically to ensure that the supercritical phaseto ensure that and frictional losses overcome. Compression power is above 10 MPa for pipeline is maintained the supercritical phase is maintained and calculated from: losses overcome.
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From page 488...
... fugitive emissions associated with leakage and loss of CO2 over the pipeline lifetime. All calculations assume a 10-mile pipeline length and all associated components are expected to scale linearly for longer pipelines.1 The dimensions used in these calculations are sufficient to transport 10 Mt/y CO2.
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From page 489...
... INJECTION This section outlines the carbon footprint of CO2 injection with the ultimate goal of permanent storage in the subsurface.4 This chain involves construction of the injection well plus compression and injection energy to pump approximately 7.3 Mt/y underground.5 Emissions associated with materials (embodied energy) and transport to the construction site are approached with the same assumptions outlined in "Pipeline Transport: Materials, Construction and Demolition" above.
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From page 490...
... Using the assumptions outlined in "Compression at the Capture Unit" above, and changing the inlet and outlet pressures to 10.7 and 15 MPa, respectively, the injection well compression energy totals 25.2 MJ/t, or 0.04 and 0.025 Mt CO2 in indirect emissions if using power generated in coal and natural gas firing, respectively. CARBON EMISSIONS AND COSTS A summary of the carbon emissions and costs associated with compression, transport, and injection chain is presented in Tables F.1 and F.2.
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From page 491...
... b 0.003 Energy consumed in construction (pipeline) b 0.06 Pipeline demolition 0.002 Pipeline pumps 0.07 0.04 Fugitive emissions 0.012 Embodied energy of materials (well construction)
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From page 492...
... on Drilling Costs." Capital expense tied to number of wells required, which is in turn calculated from the equations outlined in McCollum and Ogden (2006) and uses the high- and low-case parameters outlined in the table notesb Lower bound: low case, aquiferb Upper bound: high case, gas reservoirb CAPEX Subtotal 128-546 Annualized Capital Payment ($M/y)
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From page 493...
... Compression energy at the wellhead is included and is considered negligible compared to other electric requirements in the transport and storage chain, thus no range for electric cost is reported. Lower bound: low case, aquiferb Upper bound: high case, gas reservoirb continued 493
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From page 494...
... Variables for each scenario include reservoir pressure, thickness, depth, and horizontal permeability. These values are taken from Herzog et al., 2003)
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From page 495...
... ESTIMATED COST OF A PILOT EXPERIMENT ON IN SITU CARBON MINERALIZATION IN PERIDOTITE OR BASALT TABLE F.3  Timeline and Budget, Generic In Situ Carbon Mineralization Experiment in Peridotite or Basalt at 100,000 Tons/y Scoping and site Preparation for 2 Monitoring and analysis selection years Drilling Injection for 2 years for 3 years year 1 year 2 year 3 year 4 year 5 year 6 year 7 year 8 year 9 year 10 Total Management $250,000 $250,000 $750,000 $750,000 $1,000,000 $1,000,000 $1,000,000 $750,000 $750,000 $750,000 $7,250,000 Characterization $750,000 $750,000 $750,000 $750,000 $3,000,000 (mapping, small test wells) Injection preparation $2,000,000 $2,000,000 $4,000,000 Drilling 1 injection $3,000,000 $12,000,000 well at $6M and 3 monitoring wells at $3M Permitting/outreach/ $250,000 $250,000 $250,000 $500,000 $208,333 $208,333 $208,333 $208,333 $208,333 $208,333 $2,500,000 engagement Monitoring $500,000 $2,000,000 $2,000,000 $2,000,000 $2,000,000 $750,000 $750,000 $10,000,000 Research $500,000 $1,000,000 $1,416,667 $1,416,667 $1,416,667 $1,416,667 $1,416,667 $1,416,667 $10,000,000 CO2 at $100/ton $100,000 $4,950,000 $4,950,000 $10,000,000 Contingency at 30% $375,000 $375,000 $1,275,000 $2,580,000 $6,472,500 $2,872,500 $1,387,500 $1,312,500 $937,500 $937,500 $18,525,000 of total costs above Total $1,625,000 $1,625,000 $5,525,000 $11,180,000 $28,047,500 $12,447,500 $6,012,500 $5,687,500 $4,062,500 $4,062,500 $80,275,000 495
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Key Terms

  • embodied energy
  • pipeline length
  • emissions associated
  • material requirements
  • carbon footprint

  • pipeline lifetime
  • fugitive emissions
  • energy requirements
  • indirect emissions
  • energy consumed

  • major material
  • using energy
  • pipeline transport
  • carbon emissions
  • energy sourced

  • carbon intensity
  • injection site
  • using electricity
  • calculations assume
  • flue gas

  • construction include
  • calculated based
  • electricity sourced
  • values calculated
  • level suitable

  • associated components
  • maintain pressure
  • compression pumps
  • following separation
  • transport cost


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