A Research Review of Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs (2019) / Chapter Skim
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Glossary
Glossary
Pages 227-232
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From page 227... ...
Glossary Acclimation: The process of an individual organism adjusting to its environment Adaptation via Natural Selection: Where organisms that possess heritable traits that enable them to better survive in their environment compared with other members of their species will be more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass more of their genes on to the next generation Adaptive Gene Expression: Acclamatory changes to gene expression due to changes in the frequencies of gene regulatory variants or other DNAbased controls of gene expression Aerosols: Particles suspended in air Alkalinity: The capacity of water to buffer changes in pH, frequently occurring through the presence of calcium carbonate Allee Effect: Reduced fitness caused by a low population density Allele: A variant form of a gene at a particular locus on a chromosome Aragonite: A form of calcium carbonate used by marine calcifiers (e.g., coral) to build skeletons 227
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From page 228... ...
: A biologically important mineral found in rocks and dissolved in seawater used by calcifying organisms to build skeletons Colony (coral) : A group of genetically identical coral polyps Community: The individuals of all species within a defined ecological area Coral Gardening: The propagation of coral fragments in nurseries CRISPR/Cas9: A gene-editing platform in which an endonuclease and a guide RNA are used to introduce double strand breaks at a specified location within the genome Cultivation: Rearing of organisms in a controlled environment such as a nursery or a laboratory Degree Heating Week: A coral bleaching susceptibility metric defined by the sum of excess degrees of heat over the number of weeks of exposure Dinoflagellates: Single-celled algae from the phylum Dinoflagellata, including those symbiotic to coral Dysbiosis: Disruption in the balance of a body's microbiota Epigenetic: Modifications to DNA that are not sequence-based but control gene expression Fragmentation: Division of a coral colony into genetically identical pieces Gamete: The sperm and eggs cells that fuse for fertilization Gene: A segment of DNA that serves as the basic unit of heredity
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From page 229... ...
GLOSSARY 229 Gene Drive: A system of biased inheritance in which the ability of a genetic element to pass from a parent to its offspring through sexual reproduction is enhanced Gene Flow: The transfer of genetic information from one population into another population Genetic Rescue: An increase in population fitness due to the introduction of new alleles Genome: The complete sequence of DNA in an organism Genotype: The traits of an organism defined by its genome Heterosis: Increased fitness in offspring compared to the parents Hormesis: Where a beneficial response is induced following the application of a low dose of a stressor that would be harmful at higher doses Hybrid: The offspring of two plants or animals of different species or varieties Macroalgae: Multicellular algae, frequently known as seaweed Metabolomics: The study of metabolites -- molecules used in metabolism Microbiome: Microorganisms within a defined community including prokaryotes, fungi, viruses, and algae Ocean Acidification: Reduction in the pH of the ocean caused by increasing concentration of CO2 Ontogeny: The development of an organism from the time of fertilization to the adult form Outbreeding Depression: A result of outcrossing where there is a loss of local adaptation or disruption of co-adapted gene complexes that led to a reduction in fitness Outcrossing: Breeding of individuals that are not closely related to introduce genetic diversity Phage: Viruses that specifically target and infect bacteria
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From page 230... ...
: Scenarios of future greenhouse gas concentration trajectories based on possible emissions and response options, developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Scleractinia: The taxonomic order of hard skeleton, reef-building corals Selection: Differential survival and reproduction of organisms Symbiodiniaceae: The taxonomic family of dinoflagellates symbiotic to coral Symbiont: An organism living symbiotically with another, either as an endosymbiont (within the host's cells) or an exosymbiont (outside of the host's cells)
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From page 231... ...
GLOSSARY 231 Unfolded Protein Response: A cellular response to the protein unfolding, which can occur as a result of environmental stress Xanthophyll Cycling: A mechanisms in algae and plants for dissipating energy caused by light incidence to protect photosynthetic reaction centers Zooxanthellae: Single-celled photosynthetic dinoflagellates that live symbiotically with marine organisms, including coral
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