Understanding the Educational and Career Pathways of Engineers (2018) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A: The Engineering Education-Workforce Continuum
Appendix A: The Engineering Education-Workforce Continuum
Pages 125-148
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The engineering workforce is less diverse than the STEM workforce, having significantly fewer women and underrepresented minorities and relatively more foreign-born workers. Acknowledgements: We thank the National Science Foundation for granting a site license to use the SESTAT data.
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Overall, the data on degrees indicate healthy growth in the number of engineering degrees awarded. To underscore this point, Figure A-4 compares Bachelor's degrees in engineering, computer science, mathematics and statistics, and physics (Appendix Figure A1-1 shows Master's and PhD degrees)
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Figure A-5 shows the percentage of engineering degrees awarded to women from 2000-2013. Engineering awards far fewer Bachelor's, Master's and PhD degrees to women than do other fields.
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128 UNDERSTANDING THE EDUCATIONAL AND CAREER PATHWAYS OF ENGINEERS Figure A-2 Bachelor's and Master's Degrees in Engineering by Field 2000-2013. Source: IPEDS Completion Survey.
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Figure A-4 Bachelor's Degrees in Engineering and Related Fields 2000-2013. Source: IPEDS Completion Survey.
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Source: Bachelor's & Master's -- IPEDS Completion Survey; PhD -- Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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Underrepresented minorities receive fewer PhD degrees in engineering when compared to their representation in the population. If these trends persist, the engineering workforce will not reflect the diversity of the US population.
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In 2003 there were nearly 2.5 million people with BSE or MSE degrees but less than 1.5 million were employed in engineering occupations; in 2013 there were 2.7 million BSE and MSE degree holders but less than 2 million working in engineering occupations. These large differences in the stock of trained engineers and those employed in engineering occupations raise important questions about the relevance of the engineering degree and whether engineers are using their degrees in their employment.
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Figure A-9B Stock of Bachelor's and Master's Degrees in Engineering 1999-2013. Source: 1999-2010 SESTAT; 2013 National Survey of College Graduates.
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If we add these in with those in NSF engineering jobs, the proportion utilizing their engineering degrees jumps to an average of 62.3% of the total stock of those with engineering BSEs or MSEs working in 2013. Also, the line between engineering and engineering-related seems indistinct.
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However, it does not include higher-level managers even if they worked in engineering companies supervising managers who in turn, supervised engineers. We have created an additional category of managers doing work related to engineering that includes people who: 1)
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We conclude that this is a very large percentage of people educated in engineering who are using their engineering degrees in their employment. To round out our analysis, we add in a few other groups with highest degrees in engineering who are using their engineering education to a more limited extent: first, those whose secondary work activity is the engineering activities listed above, then those who engage in these activities for at least 10% of the time, then those who work in a computer job (but did not major in computer/electrical engineering)
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For instance, we have run a regression of logged salary on a set of dummy variables for primary work activities as well as on age and age squared. Holding age constant, the highest salary was paid to managers, the lowest was paid to those doing basic science (about 58% less salary on average than to managers)
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We see that of these junior people, 75% of those who were working in engineering jobs (excluding management) in 2003 are still working in engineering jobs 5 years later and only 7.1% are working in management jobs associated with engineering.
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Table A-1 A Comparison between what people were doing in 2003 and 2008.
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Only individuals with a master's degree in mathematics and computer science and physical and related sciences earn more than $100,000 per year at the earnings peak, but earn significantly less on average than MSEs. Job Satisfaction and Leaving Engineering Figure A-16 shows the percentage reporting being somewhat or very satisfied with their job by engineering degree and occupation combinations.
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Source: 2013 National Survey of College Graduates.
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N = 27,802,228 Bachelor's. Figure A-15B Annual Average Earnings for Master's Degrees by Field and Years of Experience.
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Those who are dissatisfied dislike their opportunities for promotion; and of those who work in an unrelated field, availability of engineering jobs, pay and promotion, and changes in career interests figure prominently.
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Source: 2013 National Survey of College Graduates.
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We have presented information on degrees awarded, demographics, employment trends, use of the engineering degree in employment, career transitions, employment sectors, earnings, job satisfaction and working in an occupation unrelated to the engineering degree. The picture that emerges from this analysis is one of a robust and growing field.
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146 UNDERSTANDING THE EDUCATIONAL AND CAREER PATHWAYS OF ENGINEERS REFERENCES Ginther, Donna K
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APPENDIX A 147 APPENDIX A1: NSF OCCUPATIONAL CODES USED Engineering Jobs 510820: Aeronautical/aerospace/astronautical engineers 520850: Chemical engineers 530860: Civil, including architectural/sanitary engineers 540870: Computer engineer - hardware 540890: Electrical and electronics engineers 550910: Industrial engineers 560940: Mechanical engineers 570830: Agricultural engineers 570840: Bioengineers or biomedical engineers 570900: Environmental engineers 570920: Marine engineers and naval architects 570930: Materials and metallurgical engineers 570950: Mining and geological engineers 570960: Nuclear engineers 570970: Petroleum engineers 570980: Sales engineers 570990: OTHER engineers 96 Also: 582800: Postsecondary Teachers: Engineering Engineering Technologists/Technicians/Surveyors (Engineering-Related) 641000: Electrical, electronic, industrial, and mechanical technicians 641010: Drafting occupations, including computer drafting 641020: Surveying and mapping technicians 641030: OTHER engineering technologists and technicians 641040: Surveyors, cartographers, photogrammetrists 650810: Architects Computer Occupations 110510: Computer & information scientists, research 110520: Computer network architect 110540: Computer support specialists 110550: Computer system analysts 110560: Database administrators 110570: Information security analysts 110580: Network and computer systems administrators 110590: Software developers - applications and systems software 110600: Web developers 110610: OTHER computer information science occupations 110880: Computer engineers - software Also 182760: Postsecondary Teachers: Computer Science Managers: 621430: Engineering managers 621420: Computer and information systems managers 711141: Top level managers, executives, administrators 711470: Other mid-level managers
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PhD -- Survey of Earned Doctorates.
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