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Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix J: Dietary Reference Intakes Summary Tables
Pages 565-578

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From page 565...
... Appendix J Dietary Reference Intakes Summary Tables Estimated Average Requirements, 566 Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Vitamins, 568 Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Elements, 570 Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Total Water and Macronutrients, 572 Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges, 573 Additional Macronutrient Recommendations, 573 Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intakes, 573 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Vitamins, 574 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, Elements, 575 565
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From page 566...
... is the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirements of half of the healthy individuals in a group. EARs have not been established for vitamin K, pantothenic acid, biotin, choline, chromium, fluoride, manganese, potassium, sodium, chloride, or other nutrients not yet evaluated via the DRI process.
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From page 567...
... ; Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005) ; and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011)
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From page 568...
... . 1 DFE = 1 µg food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 µg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach.
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From page 569...
... jIn view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 µg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet. kIt is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 µg from supplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period -- the critical time for formation of the neural tube.
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From page 570...
... For healthy breastfed infants, an AI is the mean intake. The AI for other lifestage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in the groups, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
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From page 571...
... SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997) ; Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998)
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From page 572...
... aTotal water includes all water contained in food, beverages, and drinking water. bBased on g protein per kg of body weight for the reference body weight (e.g., for adults 0.8 g/kg body weight for the reference body weight)
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From page 573...
... Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) : Additional Macronutrient Recommendations Food and Nutrition Board, National Academies Macronutrient Recommendation Dietary cholesterol As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet Trans fatty acids As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet Saturated fatty acids As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet Added sugarsa Limit to no more than 25% of total energy aNot a recommended intake.
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From page 574...
... is the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements.
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From page 575...
... Carotenoidsd ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 10 30 300 ND ND ND 1.0 ND 15 40 400 ND ND ND 1.0 ND 20 60 600 ND ND ND 2.0 ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3.0 ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 20 60 600 ND ND ND 2.0 ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3.0 ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3.0 ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3.0 ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND dβ-Carotene supplements are advised only to serve as a provitamin A source for individuals at risk of vitamin A deficiency. eND = Not determinable owing to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts.
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From page 576...
... is the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements.
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From page 577...
... ND ND ND NDh 45 ND ND ND 4 NDh ND ND ND ND NDh 60 ND ND ND 5 NDh ND 300 0.2 3 NDh 90 ND ND ND 7 NDh 2.3 600 0.3 3 NDh 150 ND ND ND 12 NDh 2.9 1,100 0.6 4 NDh 280 ND ND ND 23 NDh 3.4 1,700 1.0 4 NDh 400 ND ND ND 34 NDh 3.6 2,000 1.0 4 NDh 400 ND ND 1.8 40 NDh 3.6 2,000 1.0 4 NDh 400 ND ND 1.8 40 NDh 3.6 2,000 1.0 4 NDh 400 ND ND 1.8 40 NDh 3.6 2,000 1.0 3 NDh 400 ND ND 1.8 40 NDh 3.6 1,100 0.6 4 NDh 280 ND ND ND 23 NDh 3.4 1,700 1.0 4 NDh 400 ND ND ND 34 NDh 3.6 2,000 1.0 4 NDh 400 ND ND 1.8 40 NDh 3.6 2,000 1.0 4 NDh 400 ND ND 1.8 40 NDh 3.6 2,000 1.0 4 NDh 400 ND ND 1.8 40 NDh 3.6 2,000 1.0 3 NDh 400 ND ND 1.8 40 NDh 3.6 1,700 1.0 3.5 NDh 400 ND ND ND 34 NDh 3.6 2,000 1.0 3.5 NDh 400 ND ND ND 40 NDh 3.6 2,000 1.0 3.5 NDh 400 ND ND ND 40 NDh 3.6 1,700 1.0 4 NDh 400 ND ND ND 34 NDh 3.6 2,000 1.0 4 NDh 400 ND ND ND 40 NDh 3.6 2,000 1.0 4 NDh 400 ND ND ND 40 NDh 3.6 based on adverse effects in laboratory animals, and this data could be used to set a UL for adults but not children and adolescents. eThe lowest level of intake for which there was sufficient strength of evidence to characterize a chronic disease risk reduction was used to derive the sodium Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR)
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Key Terms

  • reference intakes
  • nutrition board
  • recommended dietary
  • adequate intakes
  • dietary allowances

  • upper intake
  • tolerable upper
  • disease risk
  • fatty acids
  • risk reduction

  • chronic disease
  • healthy individuals
  • intake level
  • estimated average
  • adequate diet

  • nutritionally adequate
  • tothenic acid
  • nutrient intake
  • amino acids
  • daily nutrient

  • average requirement
  • data prevent
  • bold type
  • average daily
  • reduction intake

  • ordinary type
  • erence intakes
  • type followed
  • reduction intakes
  • polyunsaturated fatty


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