Care, Use, and Welfare of Marmosets as Animal Models for Gene Editing-Based Biomedical Research Proceedings of a Workshop (2019) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
7 Marmoset Care and Management
7 Marmoset Care and Management
Pages 61-84
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 61... ...
This chapter summarizes the main issues addressed; full details and references can be accessed in the presentation slides on the workshop website.1 ROUTINE CARE Marmoset facilities around the world manage the health of their colonies in various ways. In his presentation, Casey Fitz, an assistant research animal veterinarian at the WPNRC, summarized operational differences at various marmoset facilities, including staff selection and animal care and offered recommendations on these practices.
|
From page 62... ...
Between comprehensive health exams and research procedures, daily observations are important to monitoring marmoset health and well-being and rapid identification of any problems. Any abnormalities observed during these regular checks should be recorded in a standardized way, either on paper or electronically, to ensure correct animal identification and available notes for veterinarian review.
|
From page 63... ...
For routine care and especially for research procedures such as imaging, several researchers recommended the use of a small, prepared box of emergency medical supplies. This "crash cart" could include an external positive pressure ventilation device, warming device, catheter, and fluids.
|
From page 64... ...
Comparing notes on health issues between colonies can help colony managers stay abreast of the evidence and proactively monitor for early signs of health problems. DIET Michael Power, an animal scientist at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, presented on several nutrition-related challenges in marmoset care, including not well-established nutrient requirements; variation in diets between colonies and dietary husbandry informed by practice or anecdotes; the role of vitamin D; factors contributing to marmoset wasting syndrome and metabolic bone disease; and obesity in captive marmosets.
|
From page 65... ...
Over time, vitamin D deficiency can affect healthy bone density (Jarcho et al.
|
From page 66... ...
Power cautioned that despite gum's importance to marmosets' evolutionary biology, it is an incomplete food; if a marmoset eats nothing but gum, it will die. Gum has a far lower energy density and nutritional value than other foods in the marmoset diet, like insects and fruits.
|
From page 67... ...
Obesity Obesity is a common and complex concern in captive marmoset colonies, reported in labs around the world. According to an attendee, adult animals are considered obese if they weigh 500 grams or more.
|
From page 68... ...
Moreover, captive marmoset habitats can be adjusted to help change behavior and even solve problems such as obesity. Including ropes and nets to encourage running, jumping, and swinging can help replicate behaviors of wild marmosets in captive environments.
|
From page 69... ...
REPRODUCTION Female marmosets have the specialized endocrinology typical of New World primates (i.e., pituitary gonadotropin release and action and higher levels of steroid binding hormones)
|
From page 70... ...
Socially subordinate female marmosets show suppressed ovulation cycles and sexual behavior when around a dominant female. Moreover, babies born to socially subordinate females are often killed and eaten by the dominant female.
|
From page 71... ...
If a pregnancy seems to be extending well beyond the expected delivery date but there may be some uncertainty about the timing of implantation, the first step would be an ultrasound to confirm normal fetal heart rates (although more work is needed to determine what is a normal fetal heart rate and what variation can be considered within the normal range)
|
From page 72... ...
Keith Mansfield, Takashi Inoue, and Jessica Izzi presented data on some of the chronic and infectious diseases that affect marmoset health and the role of microbiological control in protecting colonies. Mansfield is the executive director and the global lead of molecular pathology at Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research in Cambridge,
|
From page 73... ...
Even within these categories of disease, colonies vary in their disease profiles, as survey results from common marmoset colonies showed (Mansfield presentation)
|
From page 74... ...
Infected animals must be isolated and facility staff should use personal protective equipment. Another viral infection caused by callitrichid herpesvirus 3 is encountered in more than 60 percent of animals over 3 years of age in North American marmoset colonies.
|
From page 75... ...
Comparative analysis of colony morbidity and mortality is needed to help study disease etiology and publication of disease entities and outbreaks would also help elucidate the impact of diet and infectious diseases on animal health. Microbiological Control Microbiological control is an important aspect of marmoset husbandry and critical to regulating the impact of pathogens on the health of colonies and research standards.
|
From page 76... ...
Common Marmoset Diseases and Treatments Based on surveys conducted in several marmoset facilities, Izzi discussed a number of common marmoset diseases. Five types of infectious gastrointestinal disease commonly occur in marmoset colonies.
|
From page 77... ...
All marmosets diagnosed with wasting disease at Johns Hopkins have been characterized by low serum albumin and low body weight, as well as metabolic bone disease, likely a result of vitamin D malabsorption. Marmosets are also affected by bone disorders including metabolic bone disease and traumatic and idiopathic bone disease.
|
From page 78... ...
Anna Goodroe, a veterinarian with Animal Care Operations at the University of Houston, presented data from a survey of marmoset facilities on the common regimens used and suggestions for optimizing anesthesia and analgesia in marmosets. Anesthesia Anesthesia provides a temporary period during which the animal loses sensation and/or awareness.
|
From page 79... ...
Some monitoring and anesthetic equipment designed for rats or other small laboratory animals can be successfully used for marmosets; examples include electrophysiologic suites for rats and transreflectant probes with Masimo pulse oximetry units. One researcher reported an attempt to use the Kent Scientific sono-suite but found it to be prone to errors in the end tidal carbon dioxide module.
|
From page 80... ...
Based on studies of cortisol levels and ovulation cycles, one attendee reported developing protocols that emphasize a great deal of contact between marmosets and human handlers, including specific practices for keeping stress levels low when new personnel are introduced. Approaches for routine handling and interaction with marmosets can affect how stressful certain procedures are; therefore, different routine practices between facilities can induce varying amounts of stress that could affect outcomes of the same research activities.
|
From page 81... ...
2009. Reproductive Skew in Female Common Marmosets: Contributions of Infanticide and Subordinate Self-Restraint.
|
From page 82... ...
2015. Bone disease in the common marmoset: Radiographic and histological findings.
|
From page 83... ...
2013. Metabolic consequences of the early onset of obesity in common marmoset monkeys.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.