Skip to main content

Currently Skimming:

3 Global Progress to Prepare for the Next Influenza Pandemic
Pages 23-42

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.


From page 23...
... , explored the challenges researchers have faced and the progress they have made on the path toward developing a universal influenza vaccine. David Fidler, professor of law at Indiana University Bloomington, examined how global governance has bolstered national and international preparedness for pandemic influenza.
From page 24...
... Kawaoka explained that the 1918 virus is unusually pathogenic because it replicates inside human lungs, and seasonal influenza viruses do not. 1  Kawaoka noted the 1918 influenza virus is the only influenza virus that is lethal in nonhuman primates.
From page 25...
... Understanding the airborne transmissibility of influenza viruses in nonhuman animals helps to determine the potential for certain strains to cause pandemic influenza in humans. He noted that researchers are particularly interested in the H5N1 and H7N9 subtypes because of their pandemic potential.
From page 26...
... . Challenges in Influenza Vaccinology Fauci noted that current seasonal influenza vaccines are not consistently effective.
From page 27...
... • Developing a universal influenza vaccine requires advanced manufacturing techniques. SOURCE: Fauci presentation, November 26, 2018.
From page 28...
... Fauci said that the current vaccinology practice of "chasing after" prepandemic influenza is costly and ineffective. For example, influenza experts projected that the 2005 H5N1 outbreak would be a major event, and the United States president at that time requested $7.1 billion for pandemic preparedness, including the development of a vaccine; however, the outbreak never reached the pandemic level in humans (CDC, 1997; Lister, 2007)
From page 29...
... With the appropriate group specificity, it would also be useful against pandemic influenza. NIAID has created a network, the Collaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Centers, to coordinate and attract expertise to universal vaccine development efforts.5 A common research goal is a vaccine that induces a response to the part of the influenza virus that does not mutate frequently.
From page 30...
... Fauci, The pathway to a universal influenza vaccine, Pages 599–603, Copyright (2017) , with permission from Elsevier.
From page 31...
... This phenomenon explains why different influenza pandemics seem to spare different age cohorts. GLOBAL GOVERNANCE TO BOLSTER PANDEMIC PREPAREDNESS David Fidler, professor of law at Indiana University Bloomington, gave the next presentation on the role of global governance in bolstering preparedness for pandemic influenza.
From page 32...
... According to Fidler, WHO began negotiations to address influenza virus sharing and benefit sharing once it determined the IHR did not specifically govern that issue. The negotiations ultimately produced the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP)
From page 33...
... Despite their problems, he suggested the IHR and the PIP Framework facilitate important contributions to existing webs of governance around influenza preparedness and response. Other governance efforts support this web, such as WHO's Global Strategic Plan to improve public health preparedness and response7 and the global activities mentioned in the pre-workshop event's opening remarks (see Chapter 2)
From page 34...
... The most recent influenza pandemic in 2009 was derived from a swine source, but that virus also contained genes of both human and avian origin. She explained that the 1997 H5N1 outbreak in Hong Kong was the first time researchers realized that a wholly avian influenza virus could infect humans, and this catalyzed the development of a One Health approach, which was able to quell the outbreak (see Box 3-2)
From page 35...
... Another developing concern Katz identified was the emergence of variant swine influenza viruses, which have infected humans. The largest wave thus far occurred in 2012 when 300 people were infected with H3N2 variant viruses; researchers identified a close association between these infections and children who showed swine at agricultural fairs or participated in swine events at seasonal state fairs (Bowman et al., 2014)
From page 36...
... strong collaboration between human- and animal-health technical groups will be needed to ensure pandemic readiness and to carry out pandemic risk assessment for H3N2 variant viruses. World Health Organization's Role in Tracking Viruses Katz explained that the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS)
From page 37...
... Finally, CDC and USDA have jointly developed educational and guidance materials about variant influenza viruses and the outbreak-investigation process for both animalsector producers and the public, including targeted materials for 4-H youth development and mentoring groups. According to Katz, the expansion of next-generation sequencing capacity has strengthened One Health surveillance and readiness in the United States.
From page 38...
... Katz also noted that the PIP Framework does not include animal influenza viruses, which adds to the list of concerns Fidler outlined earlier about the PIP Framework. Finally, Katz characterized CDC's Influenza Risk Assessment Tool (IRAT)
From page 39...
... He underscored the necessity of a shift toward new technologies for vaccine production -- ones that enable vaccines to anticipate rapid mutations and that engender a more proactive approach to preparedness. • Fidler explained that the IHR and the PIP Framework are situated within webs of activities that integrate public health capability, economics, and pandemic influenza preparedness, but these activities should also be viewed through a political lens to optimize their effectiveness in a crisis.
From page 40...
... He noted that hoarding only occurs when there is an outbreak during which resources are limited. Pia MacDonald, senior director of applied public health research at RTI International, asked the panelists where geographically animal surveillance should be prioritized in order for it to improve as a whole.
From page 41...
... Kawaoka said that culture is very difficult to change, so it is more feasible to introduce risk-mitigation strategies in order to change the system incrementally over a longer period of time. For example, officials in Hong Kong have implemented measures to increase surveillance for influenza viruses, to limit the saturation of viruses in wild poultry markets, and to eliminate more virus-prone bird species from the system than they currently do.


This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More information on Chapter Skim is available.