A Decision Framework for Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs (2019) / Chapter Skim
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2 Selecting Interventions for Decision Analysis
2 Selecting Interventions for Decision Analysis
Pages 33-50
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From page 33... ...
What interventions are suited for the local ecological and management context? " The answers will help define the set of opportunities for consideration in a decision analysis used by local agencies and communities.
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From page 34... ...
Likewise, deployment of the short-term development interventions may help stabilize and improve reef populations while the "long-term" (L) development interventions are developed and come online (see Figure 2.1)
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When colonies are chosen for breeding or fragmentation based on particular traits, such as heat resistance, then this is also considered managed selection (I)
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From page 36... ...
As such, the use of gamete and larval collections is both location and species dependent. The products of this approach are used in supportive breeding or assisted gene flow, described above.
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From page 37... ...
Success in these efforts is delayed by the need for multiyear grow-out of larvae to produce sexually reproductive adults and by the need for rapid mapping of coral genetic differentiation across multiple spatial scales for multiple species so that the degree of outcrossing, and the potential genetic effects, can be controlled. Managed breeding -- hybridization between species (S)
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From page 38... ...
Reef cooling also faces the difficulty of cooled water being moved away from reefs and diluted by local currents. Shading interventions, similar to cool water mixing, indirectly address resilience not by increasing heat resistance, but by reducing temperature and light stress that is associated with bleaching (although they could be used as a reef-scale technique during regional thermal stress to maintain sublethal stress levels that contribute to hardening)
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From page 39... ...
would be implemented in a way similar to assisted gene flow. However, increased distances of movement increase costs and decrease effectiveness in ways that are not yet well described (e.g., lower survival of coral individuals transported over great distances)
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From page 40... ...
Furthermore, reefs that are currently highly degraded due to historical stress, but which have been recently managed to reduce that stress (e.g., improved water quality, fisheries management, substrate availability) might represent both a place with lower risk and higher likelihood of success.
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From page 41... ...
Second, some interventions, such as cryopreservation, managed breeding, pre-exposure, or managed relocation, might exacerbate the severity or spread of the disease. Third, interventions that increase stress tolerance (e.g., pre-exposure, managed relocation, or symbiont or microbiome manipulation)
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From page 42... ...
Areas with high potential for future bleaching are also candidate areas for shading and cooling environmental interventions. Water quality High water quality is generally preferred for most interventions under the expectation that conventional management approaches to maintaining water quality (e.g., reducing nutrients and sedimentation)
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From page 43... ...
Low connectivity also reduces the risk of unintended gene flow. Once testing has led to the development of best practices to reduce risks, then reefs that have high connectivity might be targeted for deployment to maximize the likelihood that benefits of the intervention spread, especially for interventions targeted at genetic and community composition (e.g., managed selection, managed breeding, gamete and larval capture and seeding, managed relocation)
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From page 44... ...
If this is the case, then sites with low potential for cold shock might be prioritized when deploying at scale to increase the likelihood of intervention success. Spatial variability in temperature Several interventions, such as managed breeding or assisted gene flow, require significant thermal variability among sites at both the testing and deployment phases.
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From page 45... ...
. Assisted gene flow and managed selection require test facilities that can measure heat tolerance of individual colonies; map them; and return to them for sampling, propagation, or gamete collection.
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From page 46... ...
will also typically be required to reduce the likelihood that they carry nonlocal pests and pathogens. • Environmental interventions will typically require significant infrastructure that does not already exist at the site of deploy ment, such as for atmospheric shading or cool water mixing.
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From page 47... ...
Multijurisdictional consensus is not included explicitly in the decision framework but how these might be reconciled via deliberation when setting multiple objectives and analyzing tradeoffs is discussed. Societal acceptability An important consideration regarding whether an intervention can be tested or implemented is the degree of perceived social license granted to a management group to pursue an intervention in the first place.
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From page 48... ...
For example, managed breeding (supportive breeding and outcrossing between populations) , managed selection, and assisted gene flow all depend on the detection and certification of particular coral colonies as either stress resistant or sensitive.
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From page 49... ...
For example, increasing coral health with nutritional supplementation might make other interventions more successful by decreasing the amount of heat resistance needed. Likewise, deploying environmental interventions that reduce the degree of coral exposure to thermal stress may improve the chances that a thermal tolerance intervention will succeed.
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From page 50... ...
50 A DECISION FRAMEWORK FOR CORAL INTERVENTIONS Conclusion: Multiple, interrelated interventions provide a toolbox for increasing coral reef persistence and resilience. This set of options can be tested and deployed based on community goals, ecological objectives for reef management, and the benefits and risks across multijurisdictional or even multinational boundaries.
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