Implementing Strategies to Enhance Public Health Surveillance of Physical Activity in the United States (2019) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix E: Consultant Reports
Appendix E: Consultant Reports
Pages 133-180
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From page 133... ...
, as a consultant, Mathematica Policy Research was asked to develop tools to facilitate surveillance within the topical area of community supports for active transportation, including: two brief sets of prioritized questionnaires to assess: (1) an individual's perceptions of community support for physical activity; and (2)
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2018.1 Brief Questionnaire #1: Perceptions of Community Supports for Active Transportation The first questionnaire is intended to be administered to a census sample of the general population. In this first questionnaire, we provide recommendations for item consideration based on our review of existing instruments assessing similar constructs as those identified in Pate et al.
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Source: PANES Item 3, test-retest reliability .62 Construct: Traffic-related safety, Item #4 -- Existing Item Item 4: We recommend including an item which asks whether the amount of traffic is a barrier to walking. Source #1: NEWS_CFA, Item G2, test-retest reliability .62 Source #2: Twin Cities Walking Survey, Item K2, test-retest reliability .71 PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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Strongly agree (4) Source: Developed from NEWS_CFA Item B21, test-retest reliability .67 PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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These indicators serve as a potential metric to understand how well communities plan and design best practices for promoting health and increasing physical activity. We identify the construct and appropriate indicator for each of our items.
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Mathematica developed the two brief questionnaires with items intended to measure the seven constructs identified by Pate et al., 2018 as priorities for measuring community supports for active transportation4. Pate and his colleagues defined these constructs through examples.
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For example, the focus group may agree that the construct of "multimodal transport infrastructure" is important in assessing community supports for active transportation, but they may have different opinions on the items that most closely align with the construct. Over the course of the focus group, the members may ultimately reach consensus on the item(s)
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IV. Concluding Remarks This validation protocol summarized two methods, establishing content validity and conducting cognitive interviews, for refining the items and the two brief questionnaires.
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799-0005 Project Director: Daniel Finkelstein Reference Number: 50688 PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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...........2 II IDENTIFYING AN AREA AND CONSTRUCT OF INTEREST ......................................3 Area .......................................................................................................................................3 Construct ...............................................................................................................................3 III CAPTURING GIS DATA ....................................................................................................5 Capturing local GIS data .......................................................................................................5 Capturing national GIS data ..................................................................................................5 IV DOWNLOADING AND STORING GIS DATA.................................................................7 Working with GIS shapefiles ................................................................................................7 Working with GIS tabular files .............................................................................................7 Downloading GIS data ..........................................................................................................8 Creating a geodatabase ..........................................................................................................8 Supplemental sections...........................................................................................................8 V OPENING AND PROJECTING DATA IN ARCMAP 10.2.2 ............................................9 VI WORKING WITH TRUSTED GIS DATA SETS .............................................................15 National data sets ................................................................................................................15 Other trusted national data sets ...........................................................................................16 VII ...............................................
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150 PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY E-18 STRATEGIES TO ENHANCE PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY TABLES VIII.1 Identifying the term "bikeability" in the protocol .............................................................19 VIII.2 Captions and screen shots .................................................................................................19 FIGURES V.1 Bicycle lanes in Washington, DC ........................................................................................12 V.2 Bicycle lanes and Capital Bikeshare locations in Washington, DC ....................................13 PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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store local and national GIS data in a central repository. Sections II, III, and IV provide detailed instructions for accomplishing each of these tasks, along with illustrative examples of community supports for active transportation at the local and national level.
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to encourage active transportation by communities. Community supports for active transportation are understood through eight categories, or constructs: land-use mix, street connectivity, multimodal transport infrastructure, traffic safety, zoning and related policies, public transit, parks, and programs.7 You can both identify and visualize detailed features of geographic space in your given area to better understand factors such as street connectivity, traffic volume, and ease of access for pedestrians and cyclists.
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As a user of GIS, you must first articulate how your selected geographic area meets the goals of your GIS project and then identify how a construct related to community supports for active transportation can be better understood via a GIS approach. Area The first step for creating a GIS map is to identify a geographic area of interest.
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14 For more information on ArcGIS layers, see http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/map/working-with layers/what-is-a-layer-.htm. 15 For more information, see http://opendata.dc.gov/ PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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. Section VI provides tips for assessing the credibility of national GIS data sets, and provides additional trusted sources of GIS data related to community supports for active transportation.
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Be mindful that if the map is going to be printed, not all colors may print as they appear on the computer screen. If this is a major STRATEGIES TO ENHANCE PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY concern, consider using gray scale for the map.
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Bicycle lanes and Capital Bikeshare locations in Washington, DC PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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This database focuses on the use of standardized metrics to assess features of neighborhood environments known to predict physical activity and overall health.31 The datasets contained in this database are not currently available to the public for download but they are searchable and available to the public at the Urban Design 4 Health website. 27 For more information about the Smart Location Database, see https://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/smart-location mapping#SLD.
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. The second resource was developed by the International Physical Activity and Environment Network (IPEN)
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Table VIII.2. Captions and screen shots Text Image in Text Location Application Location Page 6, Line 9 Map, Chart, Table PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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APPENDIX E 167 APPENDIX E E-35 Page 6, Line 11 Year Page 6, Line 13 Image Export PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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168 PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY E-36 STRATEGIES TO ENHANCE PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Page 8, Line 4 Data Export Page 9, Step 2; Add Data Page 10, Step 3 PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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APPENDIX E 169 APPENDIX E E-37 Page 10, Step 3 Open PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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799-3535 Facsimile: (609) 799-0005 Project Director: Daniel Finkelstein Reference Number: 50688 PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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APPENDIX E 173 APPENDIX E E-41 CONTENTS I INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................1 Purpose and organization of this protocol .............................................................................1 How can audit observation data help with identifying community supports for active transportation? ..................................................................................................................1 II ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL DETAILS USING AUDIT DATA .............................3 Approaches for conducting audits .........................................................................................3 Feasibility of using audit data to assess community support for active transportation .........4 Integrating audit and GIS data ..............................................................................................5 Concluding remarks ..............................................................................................................6 TABLES II.1 Feasibility of assessing constructs via audit methods ..........................................................4 PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS
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Audits are systematic observations of communities and can be used to identify community features for analysis and policy decision making. Community supports for active transportation are understood through eight categories, or constructs: land-use mix, street connectivity, multimodal transport infrastructure, traffic safety, zoning and related policies, public transit, parks, and programs.32 By conducting audits, researchers, planners, and other stakeholders can document relevant features within communities that support active transportation.
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In contrast, the quantitative approach is considered to be more rigorous and PREPUBLICATION COPY: UNCORRECTED PROOFS 43
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In the next section, we discuss the feasibility of using audit data to assess community support for active transportation. Feasibility of using audit data to assess community support for active transportation Audit data can be useful in assessing many of the eight constructs associated with community supports for active transportation, but audits also have their limitations.
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For information on how to successfully work with GIS data, users should review the "Using Geographic Information System (GIS) Data to Understand Community Supports for Active Transportation: A "How To" Protocol on the use of GIS data to understand community supports.
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In this protocol, we also discuss the feasibility of using audit data to measure the eight constructs associated with community supports for active transportation, as well as how to integrate audit and GIS data to produce a more comprehensive understanding of community supports for active transportation.
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