Implementing Strategies to Enhance Public Health Surveillance of Physical Activity in the United States (2019) / Chapter Skim
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2 Children
2 Children
Pages 27-44
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. Accordingly, the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd Edition, recommends that preschool-age children should be active throughout the day and accumulate at least 3 hours of total physical activity (light, moderate, or vigorous intensity)
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; and (2) organizational level such as physical activity policies, programs, and environments in school and non-school contexts, including child care settings and community-based organizations.
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Supporting Actions for Implementation The committee proposes the following actions to improve national physical activity surveillance: Supporting Action 1.1: CDC should implement a system for moni toring existing state-level policies for the promotion of physical activity in child care settings. Supporting Action 1.2: CDC should incorporate the existing pro cedures for describing and assessing state regulations pertinent to promotion of children's physical activity in child care settings into
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The goal of this national system would be to track practices imple mented by child care centers that ensure children are physically active at levels recommended by federal physical activity guidelines. CDC is developing instruments and procedures that may be pilot tested, refined, and incorporated into a comprehensive surveillance system for monitoring state regulations and center-level practices in all the states.
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is a national survey periodically conducted by CDC to assess school health policies and practices at the state, district, school, and classroom levels (CDC, 2012)
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Background Physical fitness refers to the body's ability to function efficiently and effectively in physically demanding activities. Components of physical fitness include agility, balance, body composition, cardiovascular endurance, coordination, flexibility, muscular endurance, and muscular strength.
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In many schools across the United States, the Presidential Physical Fitness Testing program has been replaced by FitnessGram, a health-related fitness assessment and reporting program for children developed by The Cooper Institute. FitnessGram tests are conducted by school physical education teachers to assess cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.
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Background The only regularly administered surveillance system that monitors children's compliance with physical activity guidelines is the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) , which is limited to self-reported physical activity in high school students (Brenner et al., 2003)
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If collected and reported in appropriate terms, these physical activity data would allow assessment of populationlevel compliance with guidelines for children at each 1-year age increment between 3 and 18 years of age. Supporting Actions for Implementation The committee recommends the following actions to support this strategy: Supporting Action 4.1: CDC or NCI should convene an expert panel to identify specific procedures for transforming raw acceler ometry data from wrist-worn monitors into metrics that indicate adherence with guidelines for children (ages 3 to 18 years)
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Findings Previous surveillance efforts have assessed participation in organized sports and physical activity programs, with varying levels of detail and specificity. The National Federation of State High School Associations has monitored high school students' participation in inter-scholastic sports programs for many years (NFHS, 2017)
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Ongoing assessment of these community-based physical activity opportunities for youth at the local- and county-levels can identify disparities and fluctuations in program availability to stimulate public and private investment. Supporting Actions for Implementation The committee proposes the following actions to improve national physical activity surveillance: Supporting Action 5.1: The National Institutes of Health (NIH)
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environment and its influence on children's physical activity levels has been the subject of much research in recent years. Several systematic and comprehensive literature reviews have identified key features of built environments that are associated with children's physical activity, such as recreational infrastructure, transport infrastructure, and safety/crime (Davison and Lawson, 2006; Ding et al., 2011; McGrath et al., 2015)
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Census Bureau should embed into one or more national surveillance systems a short list of validated items assessing perceived built environment supports for children's physical activity.4 Built environment features related to children's physical activity may be assessed through parental proxy for children ages 2 to 12 3 Also see Chapter 5, Supporting Action 17.1. 4 Also see Chapter 5, Supporting Action 17.2.
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CONCLUSION The health benefits of physical activity in children are supported by strong and increasing evidence, which paved the way for the recommendations in the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd Edition, released in 2018. National surveillance enables a comparison of children's current physical activity levels with recommended levels, and can also reveal sociodemographic disparities and inequities in children's physical activity opportunities.
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2014. States lack physical activity policies in child care that are consistent with national recommendations.
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2018. 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee scientific report.
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2009. Does participation in organized sports predict future physical activity for adolescents from diverse economic backgrounds?
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