Implementing Strategies to Enhance Public Health Surveillance of Physical Activity in the United States (2019) / Chapter Skim
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5 Community Supports for Physical Activity
5 Community Supports for Physical Activity
Pages 73-98
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From page 73... ...
. This committee expanded its initial focus on the outcome of active transportation to include active recreation because there are significant gaps in surveillance of community supports for both categories of physical activity; therefore this chapter's recommended strategies and actions consider community attributes that are relevant for both outcomes.
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The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Promote Walking and Walkable Communities, the Community Preventive Services Task Force recommendation for combined built environment approaches to increase physical activity, and the World Health Organization Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018–2030 recognize the importance of community supports for physical activity (HHS, 2015; Barnett et al., 2017; CDC, 2017; WHO, 2018)
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. Community supports for physical activity are important across the lifespan, and their relevance for active transportation and overall walking is similar across age groups.
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a guide for conducting streetscape audits using an automated system. The commissioned document was developed in tandem with the committee's work, and in its evaluation of the final commissioned document, the committee determined that the reports included can be considered as resources for developing more comprehensive survey materials and guidelines for surveillance purposes, particularly within the area of community supports for active transportation.
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2. Public support for active transport policies and environments (e.g., family, community, employer, or school support for active transportation)
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STRATEGIES AND ACTIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF SURVEILLANCE OF COMMUNITY SUPPORTS FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Strategy 17 Prioritize a set of constructs and corresponding survey items to assess perception of community supports for active transportation and active recreation, incorporate the constructs and survey items into national surveillance systems, and promote their use at the local level. Background Self-reported surveys of population health are frequently used in public health surveillance.
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The brief questionnaires on individual perceptions of community supports for active transportation commissioned (see Appendix E, Part I) details promising questions on land use, street connectivity, multimodal transportation, safety from traffic, and access to parks.
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Recognizing that national data may not provide the level of granularity that is needed to guide decisions within a state or community, state and local public health agencies, local plan ning agencies, and Metropolitan Planning Organizations, should be encouraged to use the same measures to collect local data. Use of common measures across all levels of government will allow local leaders to compare community supports across different local neighborhoods while using national data as a benchmark.
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Broader access to linked data through the RDC would benefit public health surveillance and research. Strategy 18 Identify and compile GIS-based data sources and methods to facilitate national surveillance of community supports for physical activity.
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. Findings There is no centralized repository of up-to-date and consistent GIS data on community supports.
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Supporting Action 18.2: The Joint Call to Action to Promote Healthy Communities should lead a consensus process to recom mend GIS measures relevant to community supports for active transportation and recreation that could be adopted by local, state, and federal agencies. The Joint Call to Action to Promote Healthy Communities is a multidisciplinary collaborative effort among eight4 national organi zations to create healthier, more equitable communities.
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From page 84... ...
The committee recognizes the availability of national fatality data, but non-fatal crashes for pedestrians and bicyclists could also be used as a marker of community supports. Data on both non-fatal and fatal crashes can identify "hot spots" or locations of concern for safety.
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Multisector collaboration is imperative for developing surveillance systems for community support policies. Supporting Actions for Implementation The committee recommends the following actions to support this strategy: Supporting Action 19.1: CDC should facilitate partnerships with public health and non-health professional organizations to develop and implement surveys of their members about policies relevant to community supports for physical activity.
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The International City and County Managers Association surveys its members about sustainability policy, and some of these topics could be related to community supports for physical activity. The American Public Health Asso ciation, Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, and National Association of County & City Health Officials could collect data about relevant public health policies.
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Strategy 20 Develop and standardize methods for linking policies, self-reported surveillance systems, and environmental geospatial data to identify opportunities to support physical activity. Background Existing policies can provide valuable information about the regulatory and institutional requirements and incentives for, and possible barriers to, community supports for physical activity.
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Background Community design, street design, and park environment features can be assessed through direct observation, often called audits (Brownson, 2009)
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. Observational data have demonstrated sensitivity to socioeconomic and race/ethnicity group inequities that exist in the quality of these community supports (Engelberg et al., 2016; Thornton et al., 2016)
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For example, observational measures specific to school and workplace environments could complement other surveillance strategies for these settings.6 Supporting Action 21.2: CDC should organize a community of practice7 for investigators working on automated computer vision assessment methods that can be applied to physical activity–related variables. This community of practice should be supported to accelerate work on computer vision methodology that could be used for surveillance of street designs and parks.
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From page 91... ...
The research program should include strategies for partnerships that would facilitate national-scale data collection. Even if technology advances to the point when automated national surveillance of street design and park attributes is pos sible, there may still be advantages of developing methods of personal observation that can be scaled up.
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Background The underlying concept is that the diverse community supports covered in this strategy enhance the likelihood of community residents being active. It is expected that the more events, programs, social environments, and promotions, the better for physical activity, though evidence is variable.
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. Findings No systematic approaches exist for monitoring physical activity events, programs, social environments, or promotion resources as they relate to community supports.
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• Partner with affinity groups such as Outdoor Afro, Girl Trek, and Girls on the Run, which are associated with individuals who are less covered through mainstream programming. CONCLUSION Many aspects of built and social environments influence individuals' decisions to be active, and evidence on the effects of these community supports is mounting.
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2017. Built environmental correlates of older adults' total physical activity and walking: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
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2016. Physical activity: Built environment approaches combining transportation system interventions with land use and environmental design.
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2018. The effect of infrastructural changes in the built environment on physical activity, active transportation and sedentary behavior -- A systematic review.
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