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Pages 1-10

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From page 1...
... Hence, it is not surprising that these bacteria can be found in a variety of engineered systems that support biofilm growth, including drinking water distribution systems, building plumbing systems, faucets, showerheads, cooling towers, hot tubs, and fountains. These water systems are sometimes characterized by warm temperatures, stagnant water, excess nutrients due to pipe corrosion, and a lack of chemical disinfectants -- conditions that promote the growth of biofilms, their associated protozoa, and consequently Legionella.
From page 2...
... Moreover, although the Safe Drinking Water Act has been effective in reducing disease rates of waterborne enteric organisms in the United States, it has had little impact on managing Legionella in water systems and buildings. In late 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened an expert committee (the Committee on Management of Legionella in Water Systems)
From page 3...
... Chapter 3 focuses on the surveillance of Legionnaires' disease in the United States, methods to detect Legionella, and the results of environmental Legionella monitoring in different built water systems. Chapter 4 considers the many strategies used to control Legionella, including the use of heat, biocides, flow control, plumbing materials, aerosol formation prevention, and distal devices, along with their application in several typical built environments.
From page 4...
... pneumophila growth in environments such as cooling towers, wastewater treatment plants, soils, and hot springs are largely unexplored compared to building water systems (i.e., premise plumbing)
From page 5...
... By reviewing dozens of Legionella studies from various building types from around the world, the Committee found the available Legionella occurrence data are highly variable and sparse, making comparisons among studies difficult and detection of spatial and temporal trends almost impossible. Available data suggest that cooling towers, hot tubs, showers, and wastewater treatment plants can be hot spots for growth of Legionella and exposures.
From page 6...
... The controls considered are temperature control, disinfection, hydraulic management, nutrient limitation, choice of plumbing materials, distal devices, and prevention of aerosols. The chapter then discusses how specific controls are applied to building water systems, considering large engineered systems such as potable water supply, wastewater treatment, and reclaimed water systems, large institutional buildings and households, cooling towers and humidifiers, and hot tubs.
From page 7...
... Public water supplies that maintain a disinfectant residual and manage hydraulics to prevent stagnation are helping to reduce Legionella exposure from the distribution system. Nonetheless, it is unclear to what extent the disinfection residual can achieve Legionella control within premise plumbing, for both single-family homes and small buildings as well as larger buildings.
From page 8...
... Regulations in the United States that affect Legionella management (by requiring water management plans or monitoring of water systems for Legionella) currently cover healthcare facilities in New York State, cooling towers in New York City and New York State, healthcare facilities within the Veterans Health Administration, and hospitals and healthcare facilities receiving Medicare or Medicaid funds.
From page 9...
... Education and training are particularly needed for those designing water systems, those overseeing municipal water supplies, those developing and implementing plumbing codes, those responsible for maintenance of water operations and premise plumbing, and those in government who are responsible for the safety of buildings, cooling towers, and the potable water supply.


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