Promoting Positive Adolescent Health Behaviors and Outcomes Thriving in the 21st Century (2020) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 Normative Adolescent Development
2 Normative Adolescent Development
Pages 25-52
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 25... ...
While not an exhaustive review of adolescent development, this chapter highlights the influences that are most relevant to each domain of optimal health. 1 Response to MyVoice survey question: "Describe what it would look like to live your best life." See the discussion of the MyVoice methodology in Appendix B for more detail.
|
From page 26... ...
This definition, first presented by O'Donnell in 1986 and later updated in an editorial statement for the American Journal of Health Promotion, describes optimal health as "a dynamic balance of physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and intellectual health" (O'Donnell, 2009, p.
|
From page 27... ...
spiritual health: having a sense of purpose, love, hope, peace, and charity; and 5. intellectual health: the necessary skills for academic achievements, career achievements, hobbies, and cultural pursuits.
|
From page 28... ...
are shown in the figure below. Overall, youth most commonly cited support from family, friends, romantic partners, and extracurricular activities or hobbies.
|
From page 29... ...
Defining stages and behaviors as "normative" can suggest that non- ormative behav n iors are negative; in the context of this report, therefore, the term "normative" is meant to align with typical developmental trajectories and milestones shared by youth of diverse backgrounds. Finally, and in line with the aforementioned limitations, this report is, to our knowledge, the first to provide such a detailed examination of the literature on adolescent development and behavior using an optimal health lens.
|
From page 30... ...
Social and Environmental Influences on the Development of Physical Health Bodily changes during puberty can have important effects on how adolescents perceive themselves and are perceived by others (NASEM, 2019)
|
From page 31... ...
Ultimately, many different genetic, social, and environmental factors affect physical development. The coordination of services and supports, as well as increased equitable access to resources, can help promote optimal physical health outcomes for adolescents.
|
From page 32... ...
Differences between how one views oneself and how one believes one "should" be can lead to low self-esteem. Persistently low self-esteem is related to negative outcomes, including depression, delinquency, and other adjustment problems, in multiple optimal health domains (Allwood et al., 2012)
|
From page 33... ...
Teenagers can use social media to express their emotions and opinions online, to seek social support, or to compare themselves with others. Research has found that adolescents who experience a greater number of positive reactions to their social media profile also experience higher self-esteem and satisfaction with their life (Ahn, 2011)
|
From page 34... ...
? In a recent MyVoice survey, adolescents were asked about what their schools could do to help them live their best life (see Appendix B for more detail on the MyVoice methodology)
|
From page 35... ...
During normative adolescent development, most adolescents establish a level of independence and self- sufficiency that is marked by individuating from their family and beginning the important process of transferring dependencies from parental to peer relationships (McElhaney and Allen, 2012)
|
From page 36... ...
. Social media platforms have also changed the ways in which adolescents relate to one another, increased the amount of time youth stay connected to one another, and redefined the meaning of friendship.
|
From page 37... ...
. For example, social media can expose adolescents to unhealthy risk behaviors and portray these behaviors as normative, which may increase the likelihood of their engaging in those behaviors.
|
From page 38... ...
. In contrast, given their ubiquity and influence on behavior, social media may also represent an important opportunity for future health promotion efforts.
|
From page 39... ...
Intellectual Health Developmental Milestones and Trajectories The final domain of optimal health is intellectual, which encompasses the skills that lead to academic achievements, career achievements, hobbies, and cultural pursuits. During adolescence and into adulthood, the regions
|
From page 40... ...
For example, facilitating healthy parent–child relationships and parents' acceptance of their LGBTQ children provides a powerful protective factor for LGBTQ youth, being asso iated with greater self-esteem, social support, lower rates of substance c abuse, and improved mental health (Ryan et al., 2010)
|
From page 41... ...
. Social and Environmental Influences on the Development of Intellectual Health While the school environment itself has perhaps the greatest overall influence on intellectual health, parents, peers, and others also have important impacts in this domain.
|
From page 42... ...
Promoting digital literacy for adolescents can therefore provide them with the necessary tools to avoid and interpret misinformation. CONCLUSIONS This chapter has defined and applied O'Donnell's optimal health framework to the context of normative adolescent development and highlighted how that development is influenced by the physical and social environments.
|
From page 43... ...
. Attention to optimal health and improving outcomes of youth with disabilities is greatly needed.
|
From page 44... ...
The next chapter addresses normative adolescent risk taking and describes the current landscape of adolescent alcohol use, tobacco use, and sexual behavior, as well as their related health outcomes.
|
From page 45... ...
. Gay-straight alliances, in clusive policy, and school climate: LGBTQ youths' experiences of social support and bullying.
|
From page 46... ...
. Optimal adolescent health to improve behavioral outcomes for LGBTQ youth.
|
From page 47... ...
. Using social media to engage youth: Educa tion, social justice, and humanitarianism.
|
From page 48... ...
Paper Commissioned by the Committee on Applying Lessons of Optimal Adolescent Health to Improve Behavioral Outcomes for Youth. Available: https://www.nap.edu/resource/25552/Adolescent%20Health%20 and%20Media.pdf.
|
From page 49... ...
. Transformation of adolescent peer relations in the social media context: Part 2 -- application to peer group processes and uture directions for research.
|
From page 50... ...
. Using social media to engage ado lescents and young adults with their health.
|
From page 51... ...
women with physical or sensory disabilities. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 49(3)
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.