The National Academies Press

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1 Introduction
Pages 7-24

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From page 7... ... Sometimes such support comes in the form of a prevention or intervention program designed to capitalize on the rapid, formative changes that occur during this period so as to encourage healthy behaviors that will follow the adolescent through adulthood. However, no program is one size fits all, and too often these programs target specific risk behaviors instead of aiming to support the whole person. Read the entire page →
From page 8... ... requested that the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convene an ad hoc committee to review key questions related to the implementation of the Teen Pregnancy Prevention (TPP) program using an optimal health lens. Read the entire page →
From page 9... ... . In addition to adopting an optimal health lens for this project, OASH asked the committee to identify what could be learned from other risk behavior programs that could be applied to the initiatives it oversees, including not only the TPP program, but also programs focused on mental and physical health, adolescent development, and reproductive health more broadly. Read the entire page →
From page 10... ... Given the broad scope of outcomes that could be considered, the focus on risk behavior in the statement of task, and the limited time period for the preparation of this report, we chose to focus on three specific risk behaviors and their related health outcomes: ultimately, we selected alcohol use, tobacco use, and sexual behavior. In general, these selections were based on (1) Read the entire page →
From page 11... ... We selected alcohol use because, like sexual behavior, it is a risk behavior that is age graded; that is, it is generally considered to be socially acceptable once a person reaches a particular age or developmental milestone, rather than consistently considered to be a dangerous or unhealthy behavior across the lifespan. Finally, we chose tobacco use based on the decades of research on primary and secondary prevention programs for nicotine addiction and tobacco-related diseases, which we judged to be potentially informative to our task. Read the entire page →
From page 12... ... In developing Chapter 4, the committee used a systematic review methodology and expert review of contemporary papers on core program components to analyze the available research on adolescent health behavior programs using an optimal health lens. This review was intended to identify the core components of programs with evidence of effectiveness, with consideration of methodological issues. Read the entire page →
From page 13... ... , the NSFG, and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) -- that could provide information about adolescent alcohol use, tobacco use, and sexual behavior. Read the entire page →
From page 14... ... is to monitor the prevalence of a variety of health behaviors among U.S. adolescents that are associated with later morbidity and mortality outcomes, including behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries and violence; sexual behaviors related to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases; alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use; unhealthy dietary behaviors; and inadequate physical activity (CDC, 2018) Read the entire page →
From page 15... ... Optimal Health The statement of task asked the committee to use an optimal health lens. After searching the current peer-reviewed literature for "optimal health" to provide this context, we found only reference to a definition by O'Donnell (1986) Read the entire page →
From page 16... ... . Bearing the cost of these behaviors, society shares in the responsibility for helping to set adolescents on a path toward fully realizing their potential by promoting and improving their multidimensional health and by reducing the negative consequences associated with unhealthy risk behaviors through health promotion and prevention efforts. Read the entire page →
From page 17... ... Although a health behavior is an important predictor of a health outcome, behaviors are considered to be modifiable risk factors that are a focus in primary prevention activities and are distinguished from the health outcome itself. This separation of health behaviors and outcomes is a subtle yet important part of this framework. Read the entire page →
From page 18... ... The overlapping arrows in the public health prevention framework represent how program recipients may be at different levels of risk for the targeted health outcome when they receive intervention services. Protective and Risk Factors Programs and interventions that use these prevention models to decrease or eliminate negative health outcomes associated with unhealthy adolescent risk-taking behaviors often aim to capitalize on protective factors and mitigate risk factors (CDC, 2019d) Read the entire page →
From page 19... ... SOURCES: Institute of Medicine, 1994 (IOM Intervention Classifications) ; Katz and Ali, 2009 (Public Health Prevention Framework) Read the entire page →
From page 20... ... For example, results from a meta-analysis of 214 studies on racial/ethnic discrimination and adolescent well-being revealed that elevated exposure to discrimination is associated with increased depression and other internalizing problems; greater p sychological distress; poorer self-esteem; lower academic achievement and academic motivation; and greater engagement in externalizing behaviors, including substance use and unhealthy sexual risk behaviors (Benner et al., 2018) Read the entire page →
From page 21... ... Following this introduction, Chapter 2 focuses on normative adolescent development through an optimal health lens. Chapter 3 begins with a discussion of normative risk-taking behavior, then highlights demographic trends in alcohol use, tobacco use, and sexual behavior and their related health outcomes among adolescents. Read the entire page →
From page 22... ... . Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) Read the entire page →
From page 23... ... . Model on Risk Avoidance Theory and Research, Informing an Optimal Health Model, 2017 - Overview. Read the entire page →

From page 7...

... Sometimes such support comes in the form of a prevention or intervention program designed to capitalize on the rapid, formative changes that occur during this period so as to encourage healthy behaviors that will follow the adolescent through adulthood. However, no program is one size fits all, and too often these programs target specific risk behaviors instead of aiming to support the whole person.

1 Introduction Pages 7-24

1 Introduction
Pages 7-24