Manipulating Quantum Systems An Assessment of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics in the United States (2020) / Chapter Skim
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1 Manipulating Quantum Systems: AMO Science in the Coming Decade
1 Manipulating Quantum Systems: AMO Science in the Coming Decade
Pages 9-34
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From page 9... ...
At the same time, AMO is also of paramount importance for providing critical technological infrastructure for economic development, national security, and future human endeavors. These complementary features -- spanning from very fundamental to very practical -- provide a unique character to AMO physics, namely the rapidly evolving, strongly coupled cycles between scientific discovery and technological advances.
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From page 10... ...
Building from there, this control has provided a rich arena for AMO scientists to tackle both systems that are more complex and more strongly interacting. This capability has, for example, been crucial to the development of the basic infrastructure for the emergence of quantum information science (QIS)
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From page 11... ...
The committee outlines six major scientific themes that form the core of AMO sci ence, presented in the following six chapters: "Tools Made of Light," "Emerging Phenomena from Few- to Many-Body Systems," "Foundations of Quantum Infor mation Science and Technology," "Harnessing Quantum Dynamics in the Time and Frequency Domains," "Precision Frontier and Fundamental Nature of the Universe," and "Broader Impact of AMO Science."
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From page 12... ...
For example, a reader who is an expert in the control of light will find relevant discussions of his or her work in chapters where it is the main subject of research, and also in chapters where it provides essentials tools for quantum state control and precision measurement, and yet in other chapters where new physical systems provide novel opportunities with their light sources. The discussion on ultracold matter centers on emerging phenomena in many-body systems, and provides an intimate connection to QIS.
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From page 13... ...
Furthermore, precisely controlled quantum systems that are necessary for this line of research provide natural platforms for quantum information processing, a subject for the following chapter discussion. CHAPTER 4: FOUNDATIONS OF QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY The production, transmission, and use of quantum bits (qubits)
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From page 14... ...
Although "technological" in thrust, all still require significant scientific development as well. These scientific explorations and technological developments will prepare the scientific community to further our understandings of foundational quantum physics and build an advanced QIS infrastructure consisting of the following: • Communication, to guarantee secure data transmission and long-term security for information using entanglement-based, resilient, distributed quantum networks; • Computation, to solve problems beyond the reach of current or conceiv able classical processors by using programmable, high-fidelity quantum machines; • Simulation, to understand and solve important problems -- for example, chemical processes, new materials, as well as fundamental physical theo ries, by mapping them onto controlled quantum systems in an analog or digital way; • Sensing and metrology, to achieve unprecedented sensitivity, accuracy, and resolution in measurement and diagnostics by coherently manipulating quantum objects.
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From page 15... ...
Further more, the control of coherent, subfemtosecond electron dynamics in molecules and solids can reveal and change important material characteristics, and at the same time have implications for information processing technology. The exploration of these dynamics is enabled by frontier light sources that yield femtosecond and subfemtosecond pulses spanning the infrared to the hard X-ray spectral range.
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From page 16... ...
Conducting AMO research in space should also lead to key technological advances such as placing quantum sensors in orbit for navigation and establishing a quantum communication network. CHAPTER 7: BROADER IMPACT OF AMO SCIENCE AMO has played and will continue to play a central role in providing inspira tional scientific insights and enabling capabilities for other areas of scientific and technological development.
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From page 17... ...
In doing so, the committee provides a summary review of the field of AMO science as a whole, and uses case studies in selected, nonprioritized sub-disciplines in AMO science to describe the impact that AMO science has on other scientific fields. The structure of the report is designed to help readers to readily identify scientific grand challenges, with science goals, tool development, and impact all interleaved throughout the chapters.
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From page 18... ...
To facilitate the development of practical applications and technology trans fer, effective workforce training and industry partnership must be considered and implemented. In order to ensure that opportunities in AMO sciences are accessible to and benefit from a diverse set of practitioners, the committee strove to examine the
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From page 19... ...
The rapid progress in AMO science is the direct result of strong investments made by the federal government's research and development agencies in the work of AMO researchers. To gauge the impact of federal funding on AMO research, and to find ways to further enhance its effectiveness, the committee also sought answers to questions on funding trends and distributions.
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From page 20... ...
These recommendations can be taken to strengthen our responses to specific grand challenges and to broadly advance the entire sci entific frontier of AMO. Finding: The historical strength of AMO has been in its core curiosity-driven AMO research programs, which have been the driving force behind many new scientific discoveries and innovative technologies, including the recent emer gence of quantum technology.
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From page 21... ...
Specifically, the committee recommends that the National Science Founda tion, Department of Energy, National Institute of Standards and Technol ogy, and Department of Defense should provide coordinated support for scientific development, engineering, and early applications of AMO-based quantum information systems. Finding: Creative science carried out by single principal investigator (PI)
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From page 22... ...
Finding: AMO tools, techniques, and data enable the observation and in-depth understanding of a variety of astrophysical phenomena. Finding: State-of-the-art astrophysical observations have identified the need for further development in theoretical and experimental AMO physics, which can help provide in-depth understanding of the cosmos.
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From page 23... ...
Finding: It is clear that education and workforce development in AMO is not keeping up with the demographic shifts in the nation, and that this is a lost opportunity. Key Recommendation: The entire AMO science enterprise should find ways to tap into the growing national talent pool of women and underrepresented minorities.
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From page 24... ...
Finding: Recent Quantum Leap Initiatives at NSF are based on a stewardship model that starts to break the traditional discipline barriers. Finding: Traditional AMO training focuses on physics; however, the develop ment of quantum technology requires reaching across both academic disci plines and industry to leverage the impact of AMO.
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From page 25... ...
CHAPTER-LEVEL FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Chapter 2: Tools Made of Light Finding: The past decade has seen revolutionary advancements in ultrafast light source development spanning the XUV and X-ray spectral regime. The ability to control and manipulate these tools made of light is enabling new applications that extend beyond AMO physics.
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From page 26... ...
The lower thermal noise of future oscillators will allow quantum fluctuations to fully dominate the motion of the mechanical oscillators, perhaps even at room temperature, creating a versatile quantum resource for a variety of applications. Key Recommendation: The federal government should provide funding op portunities for both basic and applied research that enables the development of industrial platforms, such as foundry offerings, and interdisciplinary aca demic laboratories to support the integration of photonics and engineered quantum matter.
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From page 27... ...
Finding: Quantum gases of atoms and molecules enable controlled exploration of equilibrium and non-equilibrium many-body physics and the generation and manipulation of entangled states applicable to quantum information pro cessing and quantum metrology, and further developing our understanding of deep questions such as the nature of thermalization, many-body localization, and stable quantum matter away from equilibrium. Recommendation: Federal funding agencies should initiate new programs to support interdisciplinary research on both highly correlated equilibrium phases and non-equilibrium many-body systems and novel applications.
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From page 28... ...
Recommendation: In support of the National Quantum Initiative, federal funding agencies should broadly support the basic research underlying quantum information science. Recommendation: Academia and industry should work together to en able, support, and integrate cutting-edge basic research, complemented by focused engineering efforts for the most advanced quantum information science platforms.
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From page 29... ...
Finding: Control of ultrafast electron dynamics in molecular and condensed-phase systems has significant potential for impact well beyond AMO science, including at the technological and industrial levels. Likewise, continued development of mo lecular movies will drive advances at the fundamental level, and promises societal benefits through improved understanding of photo-driven biological processes.
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From page 30... ...
Finding: Supporting and promoting much stronger joint efforts between AMO physics, particle physics, gravitational physics, astrophysics, and cosmology is necessary to promote creative ideas and new opportunities for grand challenge discoveries with AMO-based science. Finding: The United States is falling behind in deploying a diverse set of AMO precision measurement platforms and integrating tools into dedicated devices to maximize discovery potential.
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From page 31... ...
Finding: The discussions of engineered quantum matter in Chapters 2 and 4 describe an important emerging field that brings together several disciplines of AMO physics to substantially increase the interaction between material and electromagnetic quantum states. There is great potential for a collaboration between scientists and industry on translational technologies that could minia turize and scale up a wide range of laboratory-based quantum sensors, includ ing optical clocks and frequency combs.
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From page 32... ...
Recommendation: The National Science Foundation Research Trainee Pro gram should be expanded to ensure that the next generation of post-doctoral fellows are prepared to handle research and innovation challenges across the engineering and physical sciences landscape, particularly in quantum engineering. Recommendation: The federal government should provide funding op portunities for basic research that enable the development of industrial platforms, such as foundry offerings, to support the integration of photonics and engineered quantum matter.
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From page 33... ...
Recommendation: The federal government should develop seed fund ing and portable fellowship grant models that support the transition of atomic, molecular, and optical theorists and experimentalists into faculty positions. Finding: The number of theoretical AMO faculty positions in the United States is perennially low (dangerously low in certain subfields of AMO)
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From page 34... ...
Recommendation: The entire AMO science enterprise should find a multi tude of ways to tap into this growing talent pool.
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