Advancing Aerial Mobility A National Blueprint (2020) / Chapter Skim
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The committee would not change the report in any way if it were to change the focus to urban air mobility only. The findings and recommendations hold true for both advanced aerial mobility and urban air mobility.
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This future data sharing network can be seen as a utility provided for the advanced aerial mobility operators to facilitate their best utilization, promote safety, and provide practical traffic management and separation without burdening each vehicle with multiple sensors and their reliability, weight, and cost. As an illustration of this digital network concept, through digital means, FedEx handles over 20 million pieces each day in the week prior to Christmas and controls and tracks each piece within a few meters throughout their journey.
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Popular media attention to advanced aerial mobility topics usually focuses on home package delivery by small electric aircraft, and urban air taxi services. However, urban air taxi service for the general public, due to its requirements for vehicle performance, safety, sophisticated operations, infrastructure, operating costs, and system scale and tempo, is one of the most demanding applications of advanced aerial mobility.
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There are mismatches between the exuberance of entrepreneurs and early investors and the realities of implementation, such as traversing an aircraft certification system that has developed over generations to address more traditional forms of air transport. There are also potential negative impacts such as community noise concerns, introduction of new safety risks, an increased carbon footprint, and other related societal concerns.2 Success of advanced aerial mobility systems will be dependent on several factors if they are to be accepted from an economic, social, and regulatory standpoint.
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HIGH-LEVEL ARCHITECTURE AND REQUIREMENTS ARE NEEDED A National Airspace System that delivers safety, increasingly autonomous system access, and scalability yet that makes few constraining assumptions about specific anticipated flight operations will deliver flexibility to explore applications of advanced aerial mobility and to adapt gracefully to future increases in scale and capability. Although the National Airspace System is the FAA's responsibility, the committee concluded that NASA can play an important role in achieving the increase in scale and capability of the National Airspace System.
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Current cybersecurity approaches that rely on threat analysis, maintaining impenetrable boundaries, and focusing primarily on information security will not be adequate for advanced aerial mobility missions involving safety-critical operations performed by automated systems. Current airworthiness hardware and software cybersecurity techniques do not accommodate advanced aerial mobility platforms.
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Cyber resilience, the ability for a vehicle or local vehicle group to safely continue a flight operation despite loss or corruption of one or more datalinks or server connections, is an essential component of advanced aerial mobility contingency management. Recommendation: NASA should conduct research, development, and testing of autonomy for contingency management to support safe advanced aerial mobility.
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As technology history has shown, this can be done, in part, with the public sector leading the research on the system topology and the protocols, data formats, and data exchange standards that define the broader system and giving private sector participants certainty as to what objectives to innovate toward. Data exchange for advanced aerial mobility is diverse in content, size, and real-time update requirements.
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Chapter 4 details the critical developments necessary for a safe and secure advanced aerial mobility network and how advanced aerial mobility will need significant research into safety analysis tools for automated aircraft, for cybersecurity, and for contingency management. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 identify the barriers to achieving this vision and consider the impact of entrepreneurial approaches to advanced aerial mobility systems and how NASA can facilitate those efforts.
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