Incorporating the Costs and Benefits of Adaptation Measures in Preparation for Extreme Weather Events and Climate Change—Guidebook (2020) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 41-54
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From page 41... ...
41 Losses Avoided For hazard mitigation and resilience projects, benefits are typically avoided damages and losses, as shown in Equation 7. Equation 7.
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42 Incorporating the Costs and Benefits of Adaptation Measures in Preparation for Extreme Weather Events and Climate Change -- Guidebook most cost-effective bet. However, because these technologies are new and not completely proved, quantifying the benefits from their implementation could be challenging.
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Common Benefits 43 • Physical damages include the cost of permanent repair or replacement of fixed facilities (roads, bridges, structures) and associated equipment (movable signs, agency vehicles, equipment, and contents of structures)
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44 Incorporating the Costs and Benefits of Adaptation Measures in Preparation for Extreme Weather Events and Climate Change -- Guidebook travel times while repairs are made. However, a climate adaptation could lessen or eliminate damage to the road or bridge, which would in turn reduce the use of additional bus or mass transit services, since the required repairs could presumably be made more quickly or might not be required at all.
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Common Benefits 45 Sources of Data Sources of data for determining these benefits can include historic information as well as predicted costs based on planning and engineering studies. Some common data sources include • Historic records.
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46 Incorporating the Costs and Benefits of Adaptation Measures in Preparation for Extreme Weather Events and Climate Change -- Guidebook Once these historic flood damages are determined, the total damage cost for each event can be determined based on the formula in Equation 9: Equation 9. Calculating total damages.
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Common Benefits 47 storm-surge extent from Hurricane Sandy in 2012 matches or is exceeded by the chronic (twice a month) inundation by 2100 (Dahl, 2017)
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48 Incorporating the Costs and Benefits of Adaptation Measures in Preparation for Extreme Weather Events and Climate Change -- Guidebook Greenhouse Gas Emissions As discussed in Chapter 3, GHGs are one of the major contributors to climate change. These gases are composed primarily of CO2, which accounts for over 80 percent of all GHGs in the United States, but also include methane (CH4)
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From page 49... ...
Common Benefits 49 Many attempts have been made to monetize the value of GHGs so that their impacts to the economy can be calculated and incorporated into economic models. The social cost of carbon is the monetized value of damages caused by a 1 ton increase in GHG emissions in a given year (Brookings Institution, 2017)
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50 Incorporating the Costs and Benefits of Adaptation Measures in Preparation for Extreme Weather Events and Climate Change -- Guidebook Burden of Disease air pollution report (GBD 2015 Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators, 2017) , who says, "The relationship between ambient air pollution exposure and human mortality is even more definitively quantified, with a broad scientific consensus, than the relationship between human activity and climate change, likely because death is a more definitively defined endpoint than climate change" (Howard, 2017)
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From page 51... ...
Common Benefits 51 Increase in Active Transportation Implementation of active transportation modes such as bicycle lanes provides social benefits in terms of health and livability, in addition to environmental benefits associated with decreased GHGs. A bicycle lane designed and constructed to decrease traffic congestion can lead to fewer vehicles on the road, which results in lower vehicle-operating costs for people who choose to use the bicycle lane rather than drive, also resulting in permanent decreases in GHGs and other emissions.
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52 Incorporating the Costs and Benefits of Adaptation Measures in Preparation for Extreme Weather Events and Climate Change -- Guidebook to a global climate risk protection gap of $1.7 trillion, the majority of which has been borne by governments and civil society (Holder, 2017)
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From page 53... ...
Common Benefits 53 Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) Level Severity Fraction of VSL MAIS 1 Minor 0.003 MAIS 2 Moderate 0.047 MAIS 3 Serious 0.105 MAIS 4 Severe 0.266 MAIS 5 Critical 0.593 Fatal Not Survivable 1.000 Table 9.
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From page 54... ...
Update to the Scenario The Virginia DOT evaluated the benefits associated with implementing adaptation strategies to increase the capacity of the culvert. They identified losses that would be incurred if none of the adaptation strategies is implemented.
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