A Vision for NSF Earth Sciences 2020-2030 Earth in Time (2020) / Chapter Skim
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3 Infrastructure and Facilities
3 Infrastructure and Facilities
Pages 59-94
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cilities provide relevant information for the sciDivision of Earth Sciences (EAR) and other relevant ence priorities.
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, Geodetic ed researchers is provided at three levels, to individual Facility for the Advancement of Geoscience [GAGE] , investigators, by larger facilities supported by NSF or Consortium for Materials Properties Research in Earth EAR, and by other federal agencies, including the U.S.
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ways known whether others in the community are using particular instruments. TABLE 3-1 Average Annual Budgets of the Instrument-Based Facilities Supported by EAR EAR-Supported Facility Acronym Average Annual Budget Geophysics Seismological Facilities for the Advancement of Geoscience SAGE $17,500,000 Geodetic Facility for the Advancement of Geoscience GAGE $11,400,000 Institute for Rock Magnetism IRM $387,000 International Seismological Centre ISC $250,000 Global Centroid-Moment-Tensor Project CMT $123,000 Materials Characterization GeoSoilEnviroCARS Synchrotron Radiation Beamlines at the Advanced Photon Source GSECARS $2,900,000 Consortium for Materials Properties Research in Earth Sciences COMPRES $2,400,000 Geochemistry/Geochronology Purdue Rare Isotope Measurement Laboratory PRIME Lab $708,000 University of California, Los Angeles, Ion Probe Lab UCLA SIMS $468,000 Arizona State University Ion Probe Lab ASU SIMS $402,000 Northeast National Ion Microprobe Facility NENIMF $339,000 University of Wisconsin SIMS Lab Wisc SIMS $330,000 Arizona LaserChron Center ALC $259,000 Support for Continental Scientific Drilling International Continental Scientific Drilling Program ICDP $1,000,000 Continental Scientific Drilling Coordination Office CSDCO $733,000 National Lacustrine Core Facility LacCore $358,000 Other Disciplines National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping NCALM $877,000 Center for Transformative Environmental Monitoring Programs CTEMPS $563,000 Virginia Tech National Center for Earth and Environmental Nanotechnology Infrastructure NanoEarth $500,000 University of Texas High-Resolution Computed X-Ray Tomography Facility UTCT $423,000
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In addition to an average annual budget of $17.5 million from EAR, SAGE receives ~$900,000 per SAGE provides instrumentation and data services year from the Office of Polar Programs. in support of seismology, as well as education, workforce development, and community engagement activities.
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of the CORES committee, the presidents of UNAVCO and IRIS, representatives from the IRIS and UNAVCO boards of directors, members of the seismologic and geodetic user communities, management from other Consortium for Materials Properties NSF-sponsored facilities, and representatives from in- Research in Earth Sciences (COMPRES) ternational scientific facilities.
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Arizona State COMPRES has a focus on high-pressure science and University Ion Probe Lab (ASU SIMS) facility contains mineral physics, while GSECARS serves an interdisci- instruments for precise isotope ratio measurements plinary body of EAR scientists including soil science, and trace element analyses.
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The op and provide community access to cyberinfrastrucInternational Continental Scientific Drilling Program ture. These facilities are supported by Geoinformatics, (ICDP)
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, as well as research together from a wide range of disciplines and enabled and education, and Open Core Data provides the in- them to make sustained measurements over 7-12 years frastructure that makes data from scientific continental that led to fundamental discoveries and new theories and ocean drilling projects discoverable, persistent, cit- for critical zone processes and evolution (Brantley et able, and accessible.
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Below are some examples of infrastructure and have been of particular use for critical zone science. programs used by EAR researchers that are supported Some LTERs are co-located with EAR-funded CZOs to by other divisions within GEO or other NSF director- achieve complementary science objectives.
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Space Weather Prediction Network, which is critical for understanding the rate of change of Earth's mag netic field. USGS USGS operates regional earthquake monitoring NASA networks as part of the Advanced National Seismic System, which issues notifications and warnings of The NASA Earth Surface and Interior Focus Area, their occurrence and hazard impact, including tsuna- part of the Earth Sciences Division, provides funding to mi warnings.
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DOE maintains field and experimental sites that provide data, models, and scientific partnerships for DOE advancing understanding of the critical zone, wa ter cycle, topography, and climate. These include the Synchrotron radiation sources are large-scale user suite of Next Generation Ecosystem Experiment sites facilities8 for highly-focused and intense X-rays that are in the Arctic9 and tropics,10 the Spruce and Peatland Reoperated by DOE (see Figure 3-3)
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Descriptions of each facility were assembled program also operates long-term, watershed-scale from information provided directly by facility operstudy sites, with a focus on forest landscapes and man- ators, facility websites, and NSF award abstracts,12 as agement practices. These facilities support research well as the knowledge and direct experiences of comaligned with the water cycle, critical zone, and topog- mittee members.
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A fully colored box denotes a facility that provides essential capabilities needed to address a priority science question, while a colored circle denotes a facility that is relevant for a question. Determinations were made based on descriptions provided by the facilities, NSF award abstracts, and information taken from the community input questionnaire.
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that conducted research in collaboration with the facility, those institutions served, the amount of NSF awards supported FUTURE INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS by facility activities, level of demand, partnerships built with other agencies, and database entries that contain facility information. Contributions to development Future Needs Identified by Community Responses of human infrastructure could be monitored through The community input questionnaire14 requested following the demographic and professional trends that participants "List up to 3 ideas for infrastructure of scientists who work or conduct research at the facility, professional development of students and early 14 See further discussion of the community input in Chapter 2.
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Earthquakes, Volcanoes A common suggestion was that NSF build a system of databases that serves all disciplines in Earth sciences Studies of the core and magnetic field, plate tectonand provides capabilities for data access, analysis, and ics, earthquakes, volcanoes and magmatic systems, and integration. It was apparent from the community that critical elements have need for enhanced capabilities to many respondents were either not aware of EarthCube observe and monitor current geologic processes.
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to build the appropriate constitutive laws, including new Topography, Critical Zone, Climate, Water Cycle, Geohazards spectroscopic techniques; and • development of capabilities to measure and model thermodynamic processes at time scales There are shared threads through these five science ranging from shock to plate movement, includ questions that call on common instrumentation and fa ing kinetics and diffusion at extreme conditions cility needs. All five need: and nonequilibrium processes.
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This will lead to losses of infrastructure that ingly comparing existing lidar data with new surveys support the critical zone and water cycle questions. for change detection or are working in new areas with The network of weather stations and streamflow the intent for repeat surveys.
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document Earth surface dynamics, such as long-term rates of erosion, exhumation, uplift, and subsidence. Water stable isotope reconstructions based on ice cores, Cyberinfrastructure-Based Capabilities fossil shells and plants, volcanic ash, and other geologic archives enable interpretation of past environmental Cyberinfrastructure will be needed to support conditions.
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within the Earth will need efficient access to geologic, geochemical, and geophysical information that has been generated from existing and new samples and records, Topography, Critical Zone, Climate, Water Cycle, Geohazards which will require databases to store and provide this information. Although a daunting challenge, the alternative, which is that existing information may be lost, Data access for processes that operate on Earth's is unacceptable.
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. Bioinformatic tools to anasion of spatially varying critical zone properties in the lyze these types of data are developed largely outside prediction of land surface interaction with climate.
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We are already seeing tinental critical zone campaign would likely be too emergence of a new field of Earth data science as a spe- costly to incorporate into the current EAR budget. Due cific discipline.
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information; and As highlighted in New Research Opportunities in the • development of emerging and new Earth Sciences (NRC, 2012) and It's About Time: Oppor- chronometers, especially those that retunities & Challenges for U.S.
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volcanoes reveal deformation, flow patterns, and un The rock and mineral physics community is poised derlying stratigraphy. The critical zone is rooted in this to create a user facility with pressure and sample-size near-surface environment, and it is through the critical capabilities beyond what is currently available in the zone that the subsurface interacts with the atmosphere.
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A Near-Surface Geophysics Center is needed to Such surveys have already strongly influenced our un- meet EAR community research needs across a broad derstanding of critical zone structure and processes range of disciplines and to address most of the sci(see Figure 2-13) and will be essential to mapping the ence priority questions posed here.
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The modeling collaboratory is conceived as an in- Five of the science priority questions proposed in terdisciplinary center geared toward model building Chapter 2 -- those associated with paleoclimate, topoand testing with the goal of advancing the understand- graphic change, the water cycle, geohazards, and the ing of subduction zones in the context of a multi-scale, critical zone itself -- highlight processes that occur withmulti-physics Earth. The center would coordinate and in the critical zone.
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gram that provides data of sufficient resolution for the The Continental Critical Zone initiative would wide range of science questions involving subsurface enable the investigation of many questions and improve critical zone processes. Theory that predicts critical considerably our understanding of how Earth's surface zone properties across landscapes (e.g., Riebe et al., 2017)
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continental scientific drilling provide global scale information on surface properties program to address interdisciplinary Earth system and water storage, the spatial pattern of which may co- questions, including several priority questions in this vary with subsurface critical zone conditions. report.
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facilitate archiving and curation. An all-purpose, cen As is clear in the science priority questions, the tralized repository presents financial and logistical geomaterials needed for future scientific utility span challenges that would argue for a distributed network an enormous range.
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Berecommendations for cyberinfrastructure and human cause the creation of such databases explicitly falls outinfrastructure will require not just a commitment of side most of the EAR-supported cyberinfrastructure funding, but significant changes to "business as usual" funding opportunities, such proposals must currently for the Earth science community. This could include the compete with other research proposals within the core flexibility to adapt the core disciplinary research pro- disciplinary programs.
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EAR researchers ence in the coming decade are highlighted. will need access to state-of-the-art hardware, including not only NSF-wide facilities but private sector and other government facilities, such as DOE and national Technical Staff laboratories; scalable software and computer engineering expertise to help develop it, including strategies to Highly trained individuals in science, technology, extract information from large data volumes or simu- engineering, and mathematics (STEM)
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. Recent anal yses show that long-term efforts have not broadTraining Earth Data and Computational Scientists ened representation of historically underrepresented groups in the Earth sciences and that gains in diver Heavy computational work and an understanding sity lag other STEM disciplines (McDaris et al., 2018)
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citizens or permanent residents where nonwhite refers to the total from the following categories: Hispanic or Latino, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian or Pacific Islander, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. Equivalent data for bachelor's and doctoral degrees show a similar pattern, with Earth sciences ranking consistently below all the other scientific disciplines shown here, but with totals of 6% in 2006 and in 2016 for both degrees, showing no net change over the decade.
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2017. Design ing a network of Critical Zone Observatories to explore the living skin of the terrestrial Earth.
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2018c. Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Cul constraints on deep weathering and water storage po ture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, tential in the Southern Sierra Critical Zone Observato and Medicine.
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Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Science of the critical zone. Reviews of Geophysics 53(1)
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Geophysical Research Letters 44(7)
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