Health-Focused Public–Private Partnerships in the Urban Context Proceedings of a Workshop (2020) / Chapter Skim
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6 How Digital Technology and Artificial Intelligence Can Help Improve Urban Health
6 How Digital Technology and Artificial Intelligence Can Help Improve Urban Health
Pages 61-72
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From page 61... ...
in low- and middle-income countries exist, including limited data availability and quality; low levels of adopting electronic health records; business model sustainability; integration of AI into the health system; lack of required evidence that using AI affects health outcomes positively; gaps in AI building blocks and required infrastructure; and regulatory and policy issues (Waugaman)
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in pokane, S Washington, that aims to address urban health and community development challenges using the power of data and digital technology, explained Gordon Feller (Meeting of the Minds)
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INTELLIGENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR URBAN DISABLED AND OLDER ADULTS William Rouse (Stevens Institute of Technology) started his presentation on how technology can help the 100 million disabled and older U.S.
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Given that some disabled and older adults may have mental or cognitive challenges, a smartphone app-based counseling coach may help individuals overcome frustration and manage anxiety. A counseling coach could also provide messages to help individuals overcome fears about making mistakes on the job, for example, or manage anger when tasks do not go as planned (Hoffman et al., 2019; Jorge, 2001; Rouse and McBride, 2019)
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FIGURE 6-2 Projected annual revenues from selling self-driving cars and selling services that use self-driving cars. SOURCE: As presented by William Rouse, June 13, 2019.
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jections suggest that transportation services provided by driverless cars could generate between $91 billion and $251 billion in annual revenues for market penetration ranging from 10 percent to 90 percent, and services for disabled and older adults could generate savings that range from $56 billion to $278 billion annually. Rouse said that "this is a trillion-dollar opportunity" that has made getting partners involved in this effort easy.
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From a health perspective, she added, nearly half of city dwellers in Africa, Asia, and Latin America suffer from a minimum of one disease caused by poor sanitation and lack of access to safe water. Waugaman said the USAID urban team has been thinking about the confluence of these factors and about how sustainable urbanization will be central to meeting many global development commitments, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Paris Agreement on Climate Action, the Addis Action Agenda on financing for development, and the New Urban Agenda.3 To meet these commitments, USAID is looking increasingly to partnerships that will provide access to financing, local 2 For more information about USAID's Sustainable Urbanization for Global Progress and Security, see https://www.usaid.gov/urban (accessed July 30, 2020)
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Waugaman said that developing a virtual health assistant for frontline health workers is particularly important in low- and middle-income countries where dedicated community health workers, many of whom work without regular pay or extensive training, provide most care. She noted, "This is a really critical opportunity to be empowering those frontline and community health workers with decision support tools that enable them to best be able to provide care to those who are seeking it." However, she noted, several common challenges to scaling AI in low- and middle-income countries exist: limited data availability and quality, low levels of adopting electronic health records, business model ustainability, integration of AI into the health system, lack of required s evidence that using AI affects health outcomes positively, gaps in AI building blocks and required infrastructure, and regulatory and policy issues.
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FIGURE 6-4 Artificial intelligence building blocks, with those of greatest relevance to global health outlined in gold. SOURCES: As presented by Adele Waugaman, June 13, 2019; USAID et al., 2019.
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She said avoiding past mistakes will be critically important -- particularly those related to inadequate interoperability and to fragmented digital health information systems that resulted from investments in prior generations of digital technologies. Regarding actions needed to chart a collective path forward, augaman W and her colleagues identified a range of possibilities, including providing technical assistance to innovators to help them navigate complex and sometimes contradictory regulatory environments and to enhance their business model sustainability.
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This resolution also called for member countries to build coherent national health strategies that shift investments away from digital health systems that increase fragmentation and lack interoperability. On the donor side, a set of principles for donor alignment on digital health4 now exists and should create a more coherent digital health investment strategy that leads to enhanced interoperability and reduced fragmentation.
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• In low- and middle-income countries, AI will potentially increase access to and equity of health care and increase quality and effi ciency while reducing health care costs. • A lack of quality digital data currently prevents full realization of the promise of big data and AI to improve urban health.
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