Existing and Emerging Highway Infrastructure Preservation, Maintenance, and Renewal Definitions, Practices, and Scenarios (2020) / Chapter Skim
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2-1 Part B, Appendix 2. Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database This appendix presents the Emerging and Innovative PMR Practice Database.
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2-2 improved system reliability, and greater environmental sustainability. Internal benefits are those that contribute to agency program and activity efficiency and effectiveness, and in turn provide indirect benefits to customers.
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2-3 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS (TSMO) TSMO covers all aspects of managing and operating the use of roadways.
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2-4 Four primary areas of TSMO PMR can expect to experience significant impacts from select emerging PMR practices. Individually and collectively, the emerging PMR practices will improve the ability to: • Employ an optimized life-cycle asset management approach to planned maintenance activities, advancing from conventional reactive and preventive methods to predictive and proactive.
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2-5 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Advanced TSMO Device and Communications Systems Maintenance Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Advanced TSMO device and communications systems maintenance presents an opportunity to significantly improve an asset management approach to planned maintenance and obsolescence. TSMO or ITS device maintenance approaches traditionally have been reactive (failure-based)
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2-6 Emerging PMR practice's Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications Places more emphasis on long-term preventive maintenance strategies through improved condition/vulnerability assessments of system-critical assets Enables increased, consistent "readability" of infrastructure C/AV vehicles performing PMR activities Addresses the need to prioritize: expansion vs. PMR, preventive vs.
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2-7 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice The "Internet of Things" (IoT) - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The IoT is a creative network of facilities, devices or components containing embedded technologies, that may range from simple smartphones and digital boards to intertwining webs of sensors and actuating devices.
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2-8 Renewal Seamless, interconnected network of TSMO devices and systems to provide real-time monitoring as an input into managing life-cycle replacement Benefits Improved performance measurement and asset data management Reduced congestion Improved system reliability Improved customer satisfaction Improved asset performance Improved safety Improved resiliency Potential Challenges Absence of top management support Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results) Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g.
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2-9 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Integrated Building Information Modeling (iBIM) for Highways Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description iBIM provides an integrated electronic system with rich vendor independent, interoperable data governed by common data standards, supported by a secured cyber infrastructure of full automated connectivity and web or cloud based applications.
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2-10 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Enterprise Information Systems – PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description An enterprise information system provides a single uniform platform to ensure business process integration and information sharing across all functional levels and management hierarchies. The enterprise information system provides a unified platform to streamline the delivery of planned and unplanned maintenance and renewal activities of TSMO devices and system, automates information flow, coordinates with other activities and facilitates life-cycle management of TSMO assets.
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2-11 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Machine Learning - Artificial Intelligence for Asset Management Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description "Machine learning" is a type of artificial intelligence-based algorithms used in data analysis that allows computers to automatically learn from data. In the transportation realm, machine learning can be used to recognize patterns and trends from TSMO device performance data that may otherwise have been lost in statistical variability, without the explicit need to program where and how to look for such patterns and trends, and gather insights on type and timing of PMR activities.
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2-12 Potential Challenges Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.) Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance Inertia of legacy processes and methods Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)
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2-13 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Remote Sensing Systems – PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Remote sensing systems will provide high resolution imagery gathered using a variety of payload sensors with the benefits of less expensive, faster and large area coverage. New systems will include extensive use of smaller unmanned aircraft systems (drones)
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2-14 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Artificial Intelligence - PMR Traffic Management Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Artificial Intelligence (AI) entails the use of computer algorithms to solve realworld problems with an ability to analyze, reason, and learn from different situations, to acquire and retain knowledge, and to respond quickly and successfully to a new situation.
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2-15 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Customer Experience Management (CXM) Analytics Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Customer Experience Management (CXM)
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2-16 Potential Challenges Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.) Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance Inertia of legacy processes and methods Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)
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2-17 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Predictive-Proactive Maintenance Regime for Roadway Assets Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Predictive-Proactive Maintenance is a proactive, dual source assessment and intervention process that optimizes maintenance regimes for assets considering their criticality and potential consequences of asset failure. This approach optimizes timing of planned maintenance by tracking actual versus predicted condition and performance.
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2-18 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Self-Diagnosing/Reporting and Work Ordering Emerging PMR Practice Type Technologies Description Self-diagnosing, self-reporting and work ordering infrastructure consists of assets with the capacity to continuously tracks usage, monitor to evaluate their structural and functional conditions, diagnose intervention needs, and place a work order, either as a standalone technology or in conjunction with complementary technologies, including IoT and remote sensing for data collection, iBIM as a knowledge platform, artificial intelligence and machine learning for data analytics, enterprise information system for business process streamlining, and robotics for implementation. When integrated with advanced TSMO device and communications maintenance, the self-diagnosing/reporting provides an automatic system for planned maintenance of TSMO devices.
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2-19 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Connected Vehicle Applications to Supply Real-time Conditions Information Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Connected vehicles are equipped with probes and sensors (e.g. accelerometers, inertial sensors, suspension motion detectors)
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2-20 Potential Challenges Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations) Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)
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2-21 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice V2I Technology Providing Communications between Passing Vehicles and Roadside Units Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The connected vehicle concept provides connectivity both among vehicles (V2V) to enable crash prevention and between vehicles and the infrastructure (V2I)
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2-22 Benefits Improved safety Improved system reliability Improved asset performance Improved customer satisfaction Reduced congestion Lower capital and life-cycle costs Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization Potential Challenges Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.) Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance Issues concerning information security Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)
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2-23 Discipline Transportation Systems Management and Operations Emerging PMR Practice Automated Enforcement for Work Zones Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Automated enforcement primarily involves technology applications that typically focus on speed enforcement, queue detection, speed management, reduction in workforce exposure, traffic data analysis, incident detection, and traveler information on a network basis to manage work zones. In conjunction with integrated corridor management strategies, automated enforcement strategies aim to reduce work zone related congestion, increase vehicle throughput, minimize travel delay and improve the safety of road users and workers.
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2-24 Potential Challenges Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.) Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance Lack of adequate and stable funding for research and deployment Absence of top management support Issues concerning information security Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards Legal issues: product liability, insurance Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)
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2-25 HIGHWAY STRUCTURES Transportation structures include, but are not necessarily limited to: • Bridges, viaducts, and culverts. • Tunnels and their ancillary equipment.
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2-26 This can be done using long-life designs, and considerations for service life design and materials with improved strength and durability. Promoting robust, proactive and timely application of PMR activities with more emphasis on long-term preventive maintenance strategies will also play a role.
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2-27 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Hyper-Performance Materials Emerging PMR Practice Type Materials Description Hyper-performance materials are designed to have better strength, less corrosive, durability and/or workability properties than corresponding traditional materials. Examples of hyper-performance materials include many variants of alternative cement clinkers with improved characteristics (e.g.
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2-28 Preservation Reduction in life-cycle costs due to more durability and resiliency to greater traffic demands and heavier freight loads Longer lasting materials resulting in less cyclical preservation needed More information on deterioration leading to proactive preservation decision making Renewal High performance concrete materials resulting in better resistance against cracking, freeze-thaw damage, corrosion, abrasion and impacts Material substitution of cement or clinker in concrete that reduce damage potential (e.g. drying shrinkage)
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2-29 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Perpetual/ Long-Life Highway infrastructure Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Future planning for new bridges will include developing an "owner's manual" type of maintenance plan that outlines cyclic preservation activities to promote long life. This type of planning reduces the need for reactive maintenance and should reduce the frequency and magnitude of preservation costs to rehabilitate.
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2-30 Renewal New structures built with high performance materials and service life design methods (consideration of environmental and material corrosion issues during design, etc.) resulting in only minor periodic preservation activities to address routine wear and tear Requires higher initial investment, but lower life-cycle costs Results in lower energy consumption, more conservation of natural resources and lower emissions due to less major rehab or new construction Will require predictive models to determine the increases in traffic loading as well as effects of possible lanes exclusive to freight and transit Benefits Improved asset performance Lower capital and life-cycle costs Improved resiliency Environmental sustainability Potential Challenges Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)
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2-31 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Machine Learning - Artificial Intelligence for Asset Management Emerging PMR Practice Type Tool Description "Machine learning" is a type of artificial intelligence-based algorithms used in data analysis that allows computers to automatically learn from data. In the transportation realm, machine learning can be used to recognize patterns and trends from bridge performance data that may otherwise have been lost in statistical variability, without the explicit need to program where and how to look for such patterns and trends, and gather insights on type and timing of PMR activities.
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2-32 Potential Challenges Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.) Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance Inertia of legacy processes and methods Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)
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2-33 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Integrated Building Information Modeling (iBIM) for Highways Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description iBIM provides an integrated shared knowledge platform to collect, organize, and access all information about a roadway facility, including bridges.
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2-34 Potential Challenges Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.) Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance Issues concerning information security Inertia of legacy processes and methods Absence of top management support Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)
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2-35 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Enterprise Information Systems – PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description An enterprise information system is a unified system of computer applications specifically designed for an organization that provides a platform to integrate and streamline their business processes. The system facilitates to organize their business requirements and processes toward a delivery-oriented structure to help achieve their organizational objectives efficiently.
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2-36 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Predictive-Proactive Maintenance Regime for Roadway Assets Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Predictive-Proactive Maintenance is a proactive, dual source assessment and intervention process that optimizes maintenance regimes for assets considering their criticality and potential consequences of asset failure. This approach optimizes timing of preventative maintenance by tracking actual versus predicted condition and performance.
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2-37 Potential Challenges Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.) Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance Absence of top management support Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)
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2-38 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice The "Internet of Things" (IoT) - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The IoT represents a network of bridges and structures containing embedded technology sensors as well as C/AV mobile sensors connected seamlessly across platforms through a unified information technology framework, to create, communicate, aggregate, and analyze information.
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2-39 Potential Challenges Absence of top management support Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results) Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g.
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2-40 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Construction Robotics Emerging PMR Practice Type Technology Description Construction robotics is an advanced form of automation that can perform mechanized construction processes with no or little human intervention, and with potentially greater precision, including in adverse conditions. Robotics will evolve to perform non-destructive evaluation, in isolation or in conjunction with structural health monitoring systems, to gather information on functional and structural conditions of structures.
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2-41 Potential Challenges Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results) Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners Challenges associated with labor-saving (staff-reducing)
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2-42 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Self-Diagnosing/Reporting and Work Ordering Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description It is a system that automates the asset management process: data collection, asset usage tracking, condition monitoring, performance assessment, intervention diagnosis, treatment selection and timing, work order placement, and potential self-performance. Incorporated into new structures, sensors and technology that can self-diagnose problems, report them, and order the work that needs to be done will help to keep small problems small, keep good structures good, and keep big problems from becoming catastrophic.
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2-43 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Connected Vehicle Applications to supply Real-time Conditions Information Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Connected vehicles are equipped with probes and sensors (e.g. accelerometers, inertial sensors, suspension motion detectors)
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2-44 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Remote Sensing Systems - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Technologies Description Remote sensing systems will provide high resolution imagery gathered using a variety of payload sensors with benefits of less expensive, faster and large area coverage. New systems will include large use of smaller unmanned aircraft systems (drones)
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2-45 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice Structural Health Monitoring Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Structural health monitoring (SHM) captures extensive data on structure utilization and deterioration, including loading, engineering responses, and environmental responses (e.g.
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2-46 Potential Challenges Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations) Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)
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2-47 Discipline Structures Emerging PMR Practice V2I Technology Providing Communications between Passing Vehicles and Roadside Units Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Connections to infrastructure based systems and to other vehicles and devices provides a parallel and complementary path to the objectives of automated vehicle (AV) capabilities thru both enhancing those supported by V2V and unique V2Ibased applications.
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2-48 Benefits Improved safety Improved system reliability Improved asset performance Improved customer satisfaction Reduced congestion Lower capital and life-cycle costs Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization Potential Challenges Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.) Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance Issues concerning information security Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)
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2-49 PAVEMENTS Pavements represent a highly valued asset class, obviously essential to the performance of highway infrastructure. They are the visible essence of streets and highways.
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2-50 Three primary areas of pavement PMR can expect to see significant impacts from select emerging practices. Individually and collectively, the emerging practices will improve the ability to: • Improve asset longevity and life-cycle management.
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2-51 Discipline Pavements Emerging PMR Practice Hyper-Performance Materials Emerging PMR Practice Type Materials Description Hyper-performance materials are designed to have better strength, durability and/or workability properties than corresponding traditional materials. Examples of hyperperformance materials include many variants of alternative cement clinkers with improved characteristics (e.g.
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2-52 Potential Challenges Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance) Inertia of legacy processes and methods Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)
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2-53 Discipline Pavements Emerging PMR Practice Perpetual/ Long-Life Highway infrastructure Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The "perpetual," "long-life" and "zero-maintenance" pavement design concept is aimed at constructing pavements whose underlying physical elements last for extremely long periods of time with proper, periodic PMR treatments. This can mean pavements whose wearing surface occasionally needs surface milling and resurfacing, and filling and sealing of cracks, but whose underlying structure (subgrade and base courses)
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2-54 Discipline Pavements Emerging PMR Practice Machine Learning - Artificial Intelligence for Asset Management Emerging PMR Practice Type Tool Description "Machine learning" is a type of artificial intelligence-based algorithms used in data analysis that allows computers to automatically learn from data. In the transportation realm, machine learning can be used to recognize patterns and trends from pavement performance data that may otherwise have been lost in statistical variability, without the explicit need to program where and how to look for such patterns and trends, and gather insights on type and timing of PMR activities.
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2-55 Discipline Pavements Emerging PMR Practice Integrated Building Information Modeling (iBIM) for Highways Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description An integrated BIM is a shared knowledge platform for collecting, organizing and accessing all information about a roadway facility during its life cycle from earliest conception to demolition.
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2-56 Discipline Pavements Emerging PMR Practice Enterprise Information Systems – PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Enterprise information systems will streamline business processes relating to lifecycle management of pavement assets, such as the scheduling of pavement condition data collection, identification of PMR needs that align with strategic goals, estimation of resource needs, planning, procurement, control and closure of PMR activities, updating of information systems, and supporting data analytics. Such systems streamline the business process functions of various information systems, relating to procurement and project management, maintenance, pavement management, safety and mobility, to mitigate efficiency bottlenecks in workflows.
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2-57 Discipline Pavements Emerging PMR Practice Predictive-Proactive Maintenance Regime for Roadway Assets Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Predictive-Proactive Maintenance is a proactive, dual source assessment and intervention process that optimizes maintenance regimes for assets considering their criticality and potential consequences of asset failure. The availability of robust performance prediction models, such as the ones produced with machine learning, can facilitate a more proactive preservation regime for pavement assets.
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2-58 Discipline Pavements Emerging PMR Practice The "Internet of Things" (IoT) - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The IoT represents a network of physical objects containing embedded technology connected seamlessly across platforms through a unified information technology framework, to create, communicate, aggregate, and analyze information.
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2-59 Potential Challenges Absence of top management support Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results) Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners Need for new, or conflict with existing regulations or standards Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g.
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2-60 Discipline Pavements Emerging PMR Practice Construction Robotics Emerging PMR Practice Type Technology Description Construction robotics has evolved to deploy programmable robots with geolocational intelligence for semi-autonomous operations, such as pothole patching, joint repairs, crack detection and sealing, and asset inspections. In the future, with rapid advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence, robotics will evolve in their mobility as well as analytical and decision making capabilities, and in legged locomotion in humanoid robots that can traverse the uneven, unpredictable and continuously changing surfaces of construction work sites.
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2-61 Discipline Pavements Emerging PMR Practice Self-Diagnosing/Reporting and Work Ordering Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description It is a system that automates the asset management process: data collection, asset usage tracking, condition monitoring, performance assessment, intervention diagnosis, treatment selection and timing, work order placement, and potential selfperformance. The culmination of proactive preservation strategy, robust machinelearning based performance prediction models, and seamless collection of pavement asset attributes through IoT is a self-diagnosing, self-reporting and selfwork ordering system.
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2-62 Discipline Pavements Emerging PMR Practice Connected Vehicle Applications to supply Real-time Conditions Information Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Connected vehicles are equipped with probes and sensors (e.g. accelerometers, inertial sensors, suspension motion detectors)
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2-63 ROADSIDE AND DRAINAGE The D&R discipline covers all aspects of management and operation of D&R assets located within the areas between the edge of the pavement and the right-of-way (ROW) boundary, including the median area of divided roadways.
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2-64 is more significantly involved in the potential consequences of climate change and extreme weather events than D&R. Not only do these extreme, long-duration, high-intensity events have a significant impact on how these assets function, but also will ultimately lead to newer design standards.
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2-65 Discipline Roadside and Drainage Emerging PMR Practice Hyper-Performance Materials Emerging PMR Practice Type Materials Description Hyper-performance materials are designed to have better strength, durability and/or workability properties than corresponding traditional materials. Examples of such innovations include the use of specialized aggregates in porous friction course (PFC)
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2-66 Discipline Roadside and Drainage Emerging PMR Practice Enterprise Information Systems – PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description An enterprise information system provides a single uniform platform that ensures business process integration and information sharing across all functional levels and management hierarchies. Such an agency-wide system would facilitate D&R PMR activities, particularly in monitoring the condition and performance, managing the operation, and maintaining the physical integrity of storm water management systems.
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2-67 Discipline Roadside and Drainage Emerging PMR Practice Predictive-Proactive Maintenance Regime for Roadway Assets Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Predictive-Proactive Maintenance is a proactive, dual source assessment and intervention process that optimizes maintenance regimes for assets considering their criticality and potential consequences of asset failure. This approach emphasizes the need for condition-based maintenance in lieu of schedule-based maintenance.
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2-68 Discipline Roadside and Drainage Emerging PMR Practice The "Internet of Things" (IoT) - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The IoT represents a network of physical objects containing embedded technology connected seamlessly across platforms through a unified information technology framework, to create, communicate, aggregate, and analyze information.
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2-69 Discipline Roadside and Drainage Emerging PMR Practice Construction Robotics Emerging PMR Practice Type Technology Description Construction robotics is an advanced form of automation that focuses on mechanizing construction processes with no or little human intervention. The advancement of robotic technology can enable much safer and cost efficient construction and maintenance of D&R activities.
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2-70 Discipline Roadside and Drainage Emerging PMR Practice Remote Sensing Systems - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Technologies Description Remote sensing systems will provide high resolution imagery gathered using a variety of payload sensors with benefits of less expensive, faster and large area coverage. Aerial mapping and sensing techniques utilizing drones or satellites provide an enhanced ability to inventory roadside features, including aboveground drainage and storm water components as well as vegetation.
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2-71 Discipline Roadside and Drainage Emerging PMR Practice Customer Experience Management CXM Analytics Emerging PMR Practice Type Customer Experience Management (CXM) analytics entails a wide range of techniques to understand, influence and measure road user preferences and experience, and use this information in guiding PMR decision making and processes.
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2-72 Discipline Roadside and Drainage Emerging PMR Practice Structural Health Monitoring Emerging PMR Practice Type Structural Health Monitoring involves real-time continuous collection and monitoring of mechanistic responses, structural damage, asset usage and condition. New generations of structural health monitoring systems involve wireless enabled, self-calibrating compact-sized sensor packs with high‐fidelity hardware and low power requirements.
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2-73 Discipline Roadside and Drainage Emerging PMR Practice Self-Diagnosing/Reporting and Work Ordering Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description It is a system that automates the asset management process: data collection, asset usage tracking, condition monitoring, performance assessment, intervention diagnosis, treatment selection and timing, work order placement, and potential selfperformance Emerging PMR Practice's Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications Integrates with a smart infrastructure with embedded, self-diagnosing, non-destructive sensing for continuous measurement and corrective intervention Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to "mega-data" driven information Utilizes improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management Addresses the need for prioritization: expansion vs. PMR, preventive vs.
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2-74 CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED VEHICLES The connected and automated vehicles (C/AV) discipline refers to a range of technologies within vehicles and highway-related infrastructure that includes automated vehicle (AV)
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2-75 AVs are already on the road at various levels of automation: • No Automation (Level 0)
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2-76 communications devices, V2I signal controller features and transportation agency central systems communications, and hardware and software associated with V2I functionalities (data gathering/analysis and communications to vehicles)
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2-77 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Emerging PMR Practice Hyper-Performance Materials Emerging PMR Practice Type Materials Description Hyper-performance materials are designed to have better strength, durability and/or workability properties than corresponding traditional materials. In the context of C/AV, applications of such materials are primarily related to the following areas: • Lane markings.
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2-78 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Innovation Customer Experience Management CXM Analytics Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Customer Experience Management (CXM) Analytics entails a wide range of techniques to understand, influence and measure road user preferences and experience, and use this information in guiding PMR decision making and processes.
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2-79 Potential Challenges Creation of incentive within public agency to focus on customer satisfaction and marketing of services Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance Issues concerning information security Lack of management response to organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners Indifference or lack of awareness among customers and stakeholders Lack of inter-agency coordination and cooperation
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2-80 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Emerging PMR Practice The "Internet of Things" (IoT) - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The IoT is a creative network of facilities, devices or components containing embedded technologies, that may range from simple smartphones and digital boards to intertwining webs of sensors and actuating devices.
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2-81 Applications Maintenance Seamless, interconnected network of CV devices and systems (coupled with TSM&O-related systems) to provide real-time monitoring of asset condition, as an input into asset management systems, and traffic information, as an input to incident management, traffic signal coordination, and traveler information services Sharing of information among V2I connected (optimized and automated)
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2-82 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Emerging PMR Practice Integrated Building Information Modeling (iBIM) for Highways Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description iBIM provides an integrated electronic system with rich vendor independent, interoperable data governed by common data standards, supported by a secured cyber infrastructure of full automated connectivity and web or cloud based applications.
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2-83 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Emerging PMR Practice Enterprise Information Systems - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description An enterprise information system provides a single uniform platform to ensure business process integration and information sharing across all functional levels and management hierarchies. For C/AV, the enterprise information system provides a unified platform to facilitate delivery of PMR activities for C/AV roadside infrastructure assets, such as field devices, communications, power, TMC systems, as well as streamlining of business process to effectively utilize V2I data for asset management and operational purposes.
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2-84 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Emerging PMR Practice Machine Learning - Artificial Intelligence for Asset Management Emerging PMR Practice Type Tool Description "Machine learning" is a type of artificial intelligence-based algorithms used in data analysis that allows computers to automatically learn from data. In the context of C/AV, as vehicle generates huge volume of data from a multitude of sensors, location positioning, camera-based machine vision systems and radarbased detection units, driver condition evaluation, and sensor fusion engine control units, machine learning applications will play a significant role in data analytics.
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2-85 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Emerging PMR Practice Artificial Intelligence - PMR Traffic Management Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description AI entails the use of computer algorithms to solve real-world problems with an ability to analyze, reason, and learn from different situations, to acquire and retain knowledge, and to respond quickly and successfully to a new situation. AI finds applications in real-time intelligent transportation systems (ITS)
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2-86 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Emerging PMR Practice Predictive-Proactive Maintenance Regime for Roadway Assets Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Predictive-Proactive Maintenance is a proactive, dual source assessment and intervention process that optimizes maintenance regimes for assets considering their criticality and potential consequences of asset failure. This approach optimizes timing of preventative maintenance by tracking actual versus predicted condition and performance.
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2-87 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Emerging PMR Practice Connected Vehicle Applications to Supply Real-time Conditions Information Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Connected vehicles are equipped with probes and sensors (e.g. accelerometers, inertial sensors, suspension motion detectors)
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2-88 Improved organizational processes and efficiencies Improved customer satisfaction Lower capital and life-cycle costs Improved PMR project delivery outcomes Potential Challenges Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations) Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)
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2-89 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Emerging PMR Practice Self-Diagnosing/Reporting and Work Ordering Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Self-diagnosing, self-reporting and work ordering infrastructure consists of assets with the capacity to continuously tracks usage, monitor to evaluate their structural and functional conditions, diagnoses intervention needs, and place a work order. This may be embodied either as a standalone technology or in conjunction with complementary technologies, including: iBIM as knowledge platform; artificial intelligence and machine learning for data analytics; enterprise information system for business process streamlining; and, robotics for implementation.
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2-90 Discipline Connected and Automated Vehicles Emerging PMR Practice V2I Technology Providing Communications between Passing Vehicles and Roadside Units Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The connected vehicle concept provides connectivity both among vehicles (V2V) to enable crash prevention and between vehicles and the infrastructure (V2I)
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From page 264... ...
2-91 Benefits Improved safety Improved system reliability Improved asset performance Improved customer satisfaction Reduced congestion Lower capital and life-cycle costs Improved performance measurement & asset data utilization Potential Challenges Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.) Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance Issues concerning information security Financial constraints (limited funding and higher capital costs)
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From page 265... ...
2-92 MAINTENANCE AND CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT Maintenance and construction equipment is the set of tools, machines, and vehicles used to perform PMR activities. It ranges from light, medium, and heavy-duty vehicles to specialized equipment, small-engine equipment, and seasonal vehicle attachments.
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From page 266... ...
2-93 The following set of tables reviews emerging PMR practices for their potential to impact future PMR activities of highway infrastructure assets enabled by the maintenance and construction equipment discipline. These disciplines are discussed in separate sets of tables in this database: pavements, structures, D&R, TSMO (including ITS devices)
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From page 267... ...
2-94 Discipline Maintenance and Construction Equipment Emerging PMR Practice Hyper-Performance Materials Emerging PMR Practice Type Materials Description Hyper-performance materials are designed to have better strength, durability and/or workability properties than corresponding traditional materials. These materials have two set of applications: (i)
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From page 268... ...
2-95 Discipline Maintenance and Construction Equipment Emerging PMR Practice Construction Robotics Emerging PMR Practice Type Technology Description Construction robotics is an advanced form of automation that focuses on mechanizing construction processes with no or little human intervention. Robotics has applications in both equipment servicing and repair as well as highway PMR.
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From page 269... ...
2-96 Applications Maintenance Applications in equipment PMR: Applications in equipment servicing and repair to realize quality gains, cost savings, improved vehicle retention and availability, and worker safety. Applications in highway PMR: Wearable technologies to enhance situational awareness, reduce fatigue, and avoid injury Semi-autonomous or autonomous PMR equipment operations that reduce or eliminate jobsite workforce, enhancing safety, efficiency, and quality Shift in equipment operator roles from active control to oversight and emergency intervention Enables significantly greater application of automated prefabrication, modular assembly, condition inspection and assessment, and real-time decision making and execution of PMR actions in the field Preservation Renewal Benefits Applications in equipment PMR: Improved asset performance from improved equipment retention and reduced downtime Reduced materials and workmanship defects Lower total cost of equipment ownership from reduced costs for labor, motor fuel, and vehicle maintenance Environmental sustainability from reduced consumption of natural resources and energy Improved safety Applications in highway PMR: Improved asset performance Improved safety and lower risk exposure Environmental sustainability from reduced consumption of natural resources and energy Lower capital and life-cycle costs due to lower utilization Potential Challenges Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results)
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From page 270... ...
2-97 Discipline Maintenance and Construction Equipment Emerging PMR Practice Machine Learning - Artificial Intelligence for Asset Management Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description "Machine learning" is a type of artificial intelligence-based algorithms used in data analysis that allows computers to automatically learn from data. In the transportation realm, machine learning can be used to recognize patterns and trends from performance data that may otherwise have been lost in statistical variability, without the explicit need to program where and how to look for such patterns and trends, and gather insights on type and timing of PMR activities.
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From page 271... ...
2-98 Discipline Maintenance and Construction Equipment Emerging PMR Practice Integrated Building Information Modeling (iBIM) for Highways Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description An integrated BIM is a shared knowledge platform for collecting, organizing and accessing all information about a roadway facility during its life cycle from earliest conception to demolition.
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From page 272... ...
2-99 Benefits Applications in equipment PMR: Improved organizational processes and efficiencies Improved equipment performance Lower total cost of equipment ownership Applications in equipment PMR: Improved performance measurement and asset data utilization Improved organizational processes and efficiencies Improved asset performance Lower capital and life-cycle costs Potential Challenges Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.) Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance Issues concerning information security Inertia of legacy processes and methods Risk averse agency culture / absence of champions for innovation Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g.
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From page 273... ...
2-100 Discipline Maintenance and Construction Equipment Emerging PMR Practice Enterprise Information Systems – PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description An enterprise information system is a unified system of computer applications that integrates and streamlines their business processes. The system organizes an agency's business requirements and processes in a delivery-oriented structure to help achieve their organizational objectives, relating to both highway PMR and equipment servicing and repair.
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From page 274... ...
2-101 Discipline Maintenance and Construction Equipment Emerging PMR Practice The "Internet of Things" (IoT) - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The IoT represents a network of physical objects containing embedded technology connected seamlessly across platforms through a unified information technology framework, to create, communicate, aggregate, and analyze information.
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From page 275... ...
2-102 Applications Maintenance Applications in equipment PMR: An IoT of diagnostic devices enabling remote and self-diagnosis, predictive maintenance, safety triggers and energy/fuel savings Applications in highway PMR: Ability to collect seamless and massive volumes of data from a network of equipment, share them instantaneously and seamlessly across groups, and put them into immediate effective use, while eliminating redundant data collection, use of multiple data formats, organizational siloing, and compartmentalization An IoT of RFID sensors with prefabricated elements facilitating better delivery of PMR activities, including tracking and logistics, real-time rendering, and minimized delays An IoT of wearable technologies integrated directly with equipment (e.g. windshields)
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From page 276... ...
2-103 Discipline Maintenance and Construction Equipment Emerging PMR Practice Perpetual/ Long-Life Highway infrastructure Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The "perpetual," "long-life" and "zero-maintenance" infrastructure design concept is aimed at constructing highway assets whose underlying physical elements last for extremely long periods of time with proper, periodic PMR treatments. Longer asset life means less demand for heavy construction equipment necessary to reconstruct underlying pavement structures or bridge foundations and superstructures, reducing associated environmental impacts and operational costs.
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From page 277... ...
2-104 Discipline Maintenance and Construction Equipment Emerging PMR Practice Connected Vehicle Applications to Supply Real-time Conditions Information Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Connected vehicles are equipped with probes and sensors (e.g. accelerometers, inertial sensors, suspension motion detectors)
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From page 278... ...
2-105 Potential Challenges Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations) Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)
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From page 279... ...
2-106 Discipline Maintenance and Construction Equipment Emerging PMR Practice V2I Technology Providing Communications between Passing Vehicles and Roadside Units Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The connected vehicle concept provides connectivity both among vehicles (V2V) to enable crash prevention and between vehicles and the infrastructure (V2I)
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From page 280... ...
2-107 Discipline Maintenance and Construction Equipment Emerging PMR Practice Remote Sensing Systems - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Technologies Description Remote sensing systems will provide high resolution imagery gathered using a variety of payload sensors with benefits of less expensive, faster and large area coverage. New systems will include large use of smaller unmanned aircraft systems (drones)
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From page 281... ...
2-108 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY The discipline of IT traditionally encompasses the application of computers to collect, manage, transmit, analyze, and store data for business applications. The tools, algorithms, infrastructure, hardware and software technologies used and developed to accomplish these tasks also fall within the scope of IT.
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From page 282... ...
2-109 o Provisioning an infrastructure system that meets the data management goals, is scalable, secure, easy to maintain/upgrade and minimizes costs. • Data Strategy, Processes and Resources -- The goals for this functional area include: o Development of a data analytics strategy that clearly maps business value to data, provides direction on the type of organizational processes that need to be in place to operationalize systems and identifies the human resources with analytical capabilities that need to be acquired.
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From page 283... ...
2-110 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Integrated Building Information Modeling (iBIM) for Highways Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description iBIM provides an integrated electronic system with rich vendor independent, interoperable data governed by common data standards, supported by a secured cyber infrastructure of full automated connectivity and web or cloud based applications.
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From page 284... ...
2-111 IT Infrastructure Computing systems (personal computers, servers, 3D printers) with capabilities to analyze, process, package and move 3D data Network bandwidth to allow for data (large volume, variety, veracity and velocity)
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From page 285... ...
2-112 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Enterprise Information Systems – PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description An enterprise information system is a unified system of computer applications specifically designed for an organization that provides a platform to integrate and streamline their business processes. The system facilitates to organize their business requirements and processes toward a delivery-oriented structure to help achieve their organizational objectives efficiently.
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From page 286... ...
2-113 Challenges Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.) Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance Issues concerning information security Inertia of legacy processes and methods Risk averse agency culture / absence of champions for innovation Lack of measurable outcomes (e.g.
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From page 287... ...
2-114 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Machine Learning - Artificial Intelligence for Asset Management Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description "Machine learning" is a type of artificial intelligence-based algorithms used in data analysis that allows computers to automatically learn from data. In the transportation realm, machine learning can be used to recognize patterns and trends from asset performance data that may otherwise have been lost in statistical variability, without the explicit need to program where and how to look for such patterns and trends, and gather insights on type and timing of PMR activities.
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From page 288... ...
2-115 Challenges Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.) Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance Inertia of legacy processes and methods Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)
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From page 289... ...
2-116 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Artificial Intelligence - PMR Traffic Management Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Artificial Intelligence (AI) entails the use of computer algorithms to solve realworld problems with an ability to analyze, reason, and learn from different situations, to acquire and retain knowledge, and to respond quickly and successfully to a new situation.
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From page 290... ...
2-117 Benefits Improved safety Improved customer satisfaction Reduced congestion Improved system reliability Improved PMR project delivery outcomes Challenges Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners Human resource limitations in skill sets required for successful innovation deployment Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.) Issues relating to data availability, quality, storage and maintenance Inertia of legacy processes and methods Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)
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From page 291... ...
2-118 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice The "Internet of Things" (IoT) - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description • Emerging PMR Practice's Responsiveness to Future PMR related Implications Facilitates smart infrastructure with embedded, self-diagnosing, nondestructive sensing for continuous measurement and corrective intervention Facilitates breakthroughs in capacity to retrieve, integrate, manage, analyze, interpret, communicate and react to "mega-data" driven information Results in improved analytical and predictive models to forecast need for PMR activities to support real-time, short and long-term asset management Mitigates the issues associated with increased congestion, in terms of greater magnitude, increased frequency and new locations Addresses the public concerns toward less tolerance for traffic disruption due to PMR activities Encourages collaborative planning for resiliency investments and emergency response among multi-jurisdictional network owners Results in Improved predictive, detection and sensing capability Supports rapid response capabilities to restore operations Results in improved systems for rapid turnaround and reliability of damage assessment Supplies ability for vehicle and occupant to communicate with a wide range of external devices, entities IT Implications Data Management (Data Structure, Metadata, Storage, Integration, Security, Quality)
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From page 292... ...
2-119 or unstructured format for optimal performance as it is received from the devices in the field Management of Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IAAS) and/or Hardware-asa-Service (HAAS)
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From page 293... ...
2-120 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Structural Health Monitoring Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Structural health monitoring (SHM) captures extensive data on structure utilization and deterioration, including loading, engineering responses, and environmental responses (e.g.
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From page 294... ...
2-121 Management of Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IAAS) and/or Hardwareas-a-Service (HAAS)
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From page 295... ...
2-122 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Self-Diagnosing/Reporting and Work Ordering Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Self-diagnosing, self-reporting and work ordering infrastructure consists of assets with the capacity to continuously tracks usage, monitor to evaluate their structural and functional conditions, diagnoses intervention needs, and place a work order. This may be embodied either as a standalone technology or in conjunction with complementary technologies, including: iBIM as knowledge platform; artificial intelligence and machine learning for data analytics; enterprise information system for business process streamlining; and, robotics for implementation.
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From page 296... ...
2-123 Benefits Improved performance measurement and asset data management Improved organizational processes and efficiencies Improved asset performance Improved customer satisfaction Potential Challenges Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations) Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes Additional implementation requirements (training, standards, etc.)
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From page 297... ...
2-124 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Predictive-Proactive Maintenance Regime for Roadway Assets Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Predictive-Proactive Maintenance is a proactive, dual source assessment and intervention process that optimizes maintenance regimes for assets considering their criticality and potential consequences of asset failure. This approach emphasizes the need for condition-based maintenance in lieu of schedule-based maintenance.
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From page 298... ...
2-125 or unstructured format for optimal performance as it is received from the devices in the field Management of Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IAAS) and/or Hardware-asa-Service (HAAS)
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From page 299... ...
2-126 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Advanced TSMO Device and Communications Systems Maintenance Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Advanced TSMO device and communications systems maintenance presents an opportunity to significantly improve an asset management approach to planned maintenance and obsolescence. TSMO or ITS device maintenance approaches traditionally have been reactive (failure-based)
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From page 300... ...
2-127 Enables increased, consistent "readability" of infrastructure C/AV vehicles performing PMR activities Addresses the need to prioritize: expansion vs. PMR, preventive vs.
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From page 301... ...
2-128 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Construction Robotics Emerging PMR Practice Type Technology Description Construction robotics has evolved to deploy programmable robots with geolocational intelligence for fully or semi-autonomous operations, asset inspections and repairs. In the future, with rapid advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence, robotics will evolve in their mobility as well as analytical and decision making capabilities, and in legged locomotion in humanoid robots that can traverse the uneven, unpredictable and continuously changing surfaces of construction work sites.
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From page 302... ...
2-129 Potential Challenges Short term perspective (unwillingness to make up-front investments, wait for long-term results) Organizational silos separating researchers from practitioners Challenges associated with labor-saving (staff-reducing)
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From page 303... ...
2-130 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Remote Sensing Systems - PMR Applications Emerging PMR Practice Type Technologies Description Remote sensing systems will provide high resolution imagery gathered using a variety of payload sensors with benefits of less expensive, faster and large area coverage. New systems will include large use of smaller unmanned aircraft systems (drones)
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From page 304... ...
2-131 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Automated Enforcement for Work Zones Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description Automated enforcement primarily involves technology applications that typically focus on speed enforcement, queue detection, speed management, reduction in workforce exposure, traffic data analysis, incident detection, and traveler information on a network basis to manage work zones. In conjunction with integrated corridor management strategies, automated enforcement strategies aim to reduce work zone related congestion, increase vehicle throughput, minimize travel delay and improve the safety of road users and workers.
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From page 305... ...
2-132 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice Connected Vehicle Applications to Supply Real-time Conditions Information Emerging PMR Practice Type Tools Description Connected vehicles are equipped with probes and sensors (e.g. accelerometers, inertial sensors, suspension motion detectors)
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From page 306... ...
2-133 Improved organizational processes and efficiencies Improved customer satisfaction Lower capital and life-cycle costs Improved PMR project delivery outcomes Potential Challenges Staff unfamiliarity with advanced technology (maturity, readiness, and technical validity/limitations) Staff inability to keep pace with technological changes Uncertainty concerning actual performance (benefits not clearly demonstrated, inconsistent performance)
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From page 307... ...
2-134 Discipline Information Technology Emerging PMR Practice V2I Technology Providing Communications between Passing Vehicles and Roadside Units Emerging PMR Practice Type Approach Description The connected vehicle concept provides connectivity both among vehicles (V2V) to enable crash prevention and between vehicles and the infrastructure (V2I)
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From page 308... ...
2-135 Software Application Applications with ability to process/track streaming data or batch data received from vehicles, either onsite (to the roadside units) or directly into the cloud Integration of cloud computing and edge computing distributed systems to exchange data collected by CV or by roadside units through V2I communications Applications that allow configuration of reports, rule-based workflows, which operate on data collected from CV and V2I components IT Infrastructure Robust data acquisition and management infrastructure (on premise or in cloud or a place that connects to devices installed on the highways)
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Key Terms
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