Skip to main content

Currently Skimming:


Pages 67-169

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.


From page 67...
... D-1 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC NARRATIVES D1. STRUCTURES INTRODUCTION This chapter examines the transportation structures discipline in the context of the research's identified emerging PMR practices that may affect future preservation, maintenance, and renewal activities.
From page 68...
... D-2 within program and budgetary decision making processes. This includes not only prioritization, but key detail decisions including materials selection for new bridges, PMR activities to extend useful lives with less maintenance, and the timing of those activities to ensure the longest life for the structures.
From page 69...
... D-3 The possibilities start with advances in data gathering and sharing. New technologies will provide breakthroughs in the way agencies collect and communicate data, which will result in more and better information, collected and shared at lower cost and in much shorter timeframes.
From page 70...
... D-4 Once these data have been gathered, the next step is to make data available through unified interoperable systems so that they can be analyzed and refined into useful models for learning and decision making. In the end, the data are only as useful as the impact they have on making key decisions at the policy, program and project levels.
From page 71...
... D-5 o Includes enhanced materials properties in all areas including higher strength, ductility, modulus, fatigue resistance, chemical resistance, impact resistance, abrasion resistance and durability o Reduce the risk of secondary forms of deterioration such as freeze/thaw or reinforcement corrosion o Corrosion resistance (for structural steel or other elements) o Scaling resistance.
From page 72...
... D-6 self-sensing, self-healing technologies that greatly reduce or eliminate the need for PMR activities. Structural Health Monitoring Structural health monitoring (SHM)
From page 73...
... D-7 the more efficient design of specific bridges through an improved ability to analyze complex datasets that, just as an example, could make calibrating load resistance factors more accurate. Benefits of adaptive design based on data-driven models and utilizing AI learning will result in efficient, lighter weight structures that are more resilient and durable.
From page 74...
... D-8 structure designs stored by the design division. In the past, bridge inspection reports might be stored in a system or software that was not accessible to a designer in another division, or vice versa.
From page 75...
... D-9 The "Internet of Things" (IoT) - PMR Applications The network of bridges and structures containing embedded technology sensors as well as connected and automated vehicle (C/AV)
From page 76...
... D-10 Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Technology Providing Communications between Passing Vehicles and Roadside Units Connected vehicle applications for long-term structures' PMR provide an opportunity for twoway communication between bridges and vehicles. Connected vehicle sensors, for example, could detect certain structure deficiencies, such as deck roughness, slippery conditions, or bonejarring joints.
From page 77...
... D-11 Remote Sensing Systems - PMR Applications As described earlier in this research, remote sensing systems will advance beyond ground-based video and ground penetrating radar of today to include large use of smaller unmanned aircraft systems (drones) with miniature payloads of high resolution navigation and remote sensing devices with better real-time data transmission, ground control and battery fuel technologies that use renewable energy.
From page 78...
... D-12 technology and workflow, especially among understandably conservative structural engineers, may be a slow process and will depend on champions within each agency to move progress along. As discussed earlier, and in general, there are a multitude of challenges, related to institutional, technical, external and other factors, that must be understood and addressed to ensure successful operationalization of innovations.
From page 79...
... D-13 products of this research: Leadership's Guide to Emerging Highway Preservation, Maintenance and Renewal Practices and A Practitioner's Guide to Highway Preservation, Maintenance and Renewal Practices.
From page 80...
... D-14 Table D-1. Implications of Emerging PMR Practices for Structures PMR Activities.
From page 81...
... D-15 Table D-1. Implications of Emerging PMR Practices for Structures PMR Activities.
From page 82...
... D-16 Table D-1. Implications of Emerging PMR Practices for Structures PMR Activities.
From page 83...
... D-17 Table D-1. Implications of Emerging PMR Practices for Structures PMR Activities.
From page 84...
... D-18 Table D-1. Implications of Emerging PMR Practices for Structures PMR Activities.
From page 85...
... D-19 D2. PAVEMENTS INTRODUCTION This chapter examines the pavements discipline in the context of this research's identified emerging practices affecting future PMR activities.
From page 86...
... D-20 Performance data analytics also plays a critical role in asset life-cycle planning and forecasting long-term budgetary needs. The asset performance assessment provides an objective basis to optimize life-cycle needs of the assets from conceptual design through reconstruction.
From page 87...
... D-21 handback of assets from design and construction to operations and maintenance has largely been inadequate. Consequently, some business processes are repeated, and the information is recreated, thus resulting in efficiency bottlenecks within the organization.
From page 88...
... D-22 PAVEMENT-RELATED EMERGING PMR PRACTICES This section discusses individual innovations in terms of anticipated effects and benefits related to pavements. Table D-2 (which follows this narrative section)
From page 89...
... D-23 With some early generation pavement designs implemented mostly on a pilot basis, this concept has enormous potential for high volume roadways where lane closures are very disruptive to road users. By augmenting the structural adequacy of pavements, these long-life designs strive to minimize durability issues.
From page 90...
... D-24 When installed on public fleets and/or through private commercial data providers, probe-based V2I technologies, requiring less resources to collect large-scale, real-time information, will provide a significant breakthrough in pavement condition detection capabilities of highway agencies. The "Internet of Things" (IoT)
From page 91...
... D-25 effects on pavement performance cannot be analyzed otherwise using current mechanistic or empirical models. In a nutshell, machine learning applications will greatly contribute to better management of pavement assets at both project and network levels, while greatly reducing the statistical variability associated with empirical evidence-based forecasting models.
From page 92...
... D-26 information, such as asset conditions, maintenance and preservation histories, and renewal events, for pavement design and life-cycle modeling purposes. iBIM can also allow integration of information from performance monitoring systems to support holistic decision making, such as undertaking safety improvements during pavement preservation or undertaking capacity improvements during pavement renewal.
From page 93...
... D-27 Innovations relating to pavements that fit the evolutionary model include hyper-performance materials, applications of green chemistry, machine learning applications for asset management, perpetual/long-life highway infrastructure, outsourcing and privatization, enterprise information systems for PMR applications, game/simulation based training solutions, predictive-proactive maintenance regimes and remote sensing applications. Highway agencies have some level of prior experience with incrementally adopting products, methods and processes, similar to these innovations, and they can draw upon this experience in developing business cases, conducting requirements analyses, and strategizing a developmental pathway leading to adoption and implementation.
From page 94...
... D-28 Innovation CMF provides a tool for practitioners to evaluate a particular PMR innovation in question, while the Organization CMF allows the agency leadership to evaluate the agency's ability to foster innovation generally. The goal of performing such an assessment is to determine if the agency, unit, or discipline possesses sufficient capability across the seven Critical Success Factors to evaluate and potentially adopt the innovation, and what key action steps would be necessary.
From page 95...
... D-29 Table D-2. Implications of Emerging Practices for Pavement PMR Activities.
From page 96...
... D-30 Table D-2. Implications of Emerging Practices for Pavement PMR Activities.
From page 97...
... D-31 Table D-2. Implications of Emerging Practices for Pavement PMR Activities.
From page 98...
... D-32 Table D-2. Implications of Emerging Practices for Pavement PMR Activities.
From page 99...
... D-33 D3. DRAINAGE AND ROADSIDE INTRODUCTION This chapter examines emerging PMR practices for drainage (surface and subsurface)
From page 100...
... D-34 • Managing impervious surfaces to reduce ponding or stormwater runoff, and repurposing for environmental enhancement. • Preserving the hydraulic capacity and drainability of pervious surfaces.
From page 101...
... D-35 part of long-term PMR solutions -- in fact they can provide opportunities, particularly in renewing D&R assets over the coming decades. Improve Service Outcomes and Asset Longevity The Goal: Improve service outcomes and asset longevity.
From page 102...
... D-36 Enhance Environmental Sustainability The Goal: Enhance D&R-related environmental sustainability. Adopt more environmentally sensitive and holistic approaches to sustainable designs, materials and methods related to stormwater drainage; manage downstream drainage in accordance with state and local stormwater management (SWM)
From page 103...
... D-37 Table D-3. Implications of Innovations for Drainage and Roadside PMR Activities.
From page 104...
... D-38 Table D-3. Implications of Innovations for Drainage and Roadside PMR Activities.
From page 105...
... D-39 infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit. The IoT finds applications in monitoring the condition of drainage networks, roadside facilities, and winter maintenance.
From page 106...
... D-40 Construction Robotics The advancement of robotic technology can enable much safer and cost efficient drainage system construction and maintenance activities as well as other D&R activities. The use of remotecontrolled video probes to inspect pipes is a precursor.
From page 107...
... D-41 introduced as significant breakthroughs. Some innovations may occur as a mix of evolutionary incremental steps as well as more radical breakthroughs.
From page 108...
... D-42 This research has developed two capability assessment tools, Emerging PMR Practice and Innovation CMF and Organization CMF, using the Capability Maturity Framework (CMF) to facilitate the assessment and advancement of innovations.
From page 109...
... D-43 D4. TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS INTRODUCTION This chapter examines the transportation systems management and operations (TSMO)
From page 110...
... D-44 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES: A LONG-TERM PERSPECTIVE TSMO is poised to grow significantly as a discipline, becoming as integral within the traditional highway arena as pavement and structures. Data, information, and systems that direct the operation and use of roadway infrastructure will become ubiquitous as we travel.
From page 111...
... D-45 management strategies (such as congestion pricing, e.g. express toll lanes)
From page 112...
... D-46 • Employ an optimized life-cycle asset management approach to planned maintenance activities, advancing from conventional reactive and preventive methods to predictive and proactive. • Respond to irregular, consequential events that require unplanned (emergencies, hazards)
From page 113...
... D-47 computational engines. The IoT enables this concept by providing a seamless, interconnected network of TSMO devices and systems across a unified platform.
From page 114...
... D-48 Benefits Maintenance responses are no longer based simply on fault occurrence and diagnostics but fault avoidance and prognostics. These innovations will result in near-zero or zero downtime for TSMO systems and devices.
From page 115...
... D-49 information might not be discernable through embedded sensors because of failure or insufficient coverage could be acquired through remote sensing systems such as drones. Benefits Agencies conducting winter weather maintenance will see gains in efficiency, both in staff and consumed resources, including equipment usage, power, and treatment volumes.
From page 116...
... D-50 analytics' will be facilitated by the IoT and the ubiquity of performance and usage data obtained from interconnected devices. The innovation of advanced TSMO device and communications systems maintenance can supply real-time inputs to refine predictive methodologies and algorithms to adjust predicted life-cycle curves/trends and computation of obsolescence windows.
From page 117...
... D-51 technological evolution, define the domain of TSMO renewal. An understanding of when these events will take place and the appropriate action to take nets several benefits.
From page 118...
... D-52 their workforce to better keep up with changing needs, since they are widely recognized as lowcost and low-risk yet engaging, self-paced and repeatable training solutions. Further, these virtual solutions allow continual improvement of instruction content as well as wide-scale replication with no significant increase in costs.
From page 119...
... D-53 construction equipment, and information technology. It is therefore necessary to examine the implications of innovations on TSMO's use in the PMR of these assets.
From page 120...
... D-54 contractor training. The training itself is also safer since virtual simulation methods can replace in field training.
From page 121...
... D-55 systems. Work zone traffic will be actively managed using congestion-reducing algorithms to maximize throughput.
From page 122...
... D-56 As discussed earlier, and in general, there are a multitude of challenges, related to institutional, technical, external and other factors, that must be understood and addressed to ensure successful operationalization of innovations in TSMO discipline. In addition, the agencies need to assess their capabilities to foster and advance innovations, recognize gaps, and develop strategies to overcome them.
From page 123...
... D-57 Table D-4. Implications of Emerging Practices for TSMO PMR Activities.
From page 124...
... D-58 Emerging PMR Practice TSMO Preservation / Maintenance Applications TSMO Renewal Applications TSMO Application to PMR of Other Assets - Analytics to support automated traffic control (AVs) through work zones Approaches 9.
From page 125...
... D-59 Emerging PMR Practice TSMO Preservation / Maintenance Applications TSMO Renewal Applications TSMO Application to PMR of Other Assets 15. Automated Enforcement for Work Zones - Only applicable in the case of when substantial future TSMO device deployment requires establishment of a "TSMO work zone" – then the "application to PMR of other assets" applies - Integrated and costeffective application of smart work zone concepts and systems optimizing traffic throughput and work zone safety - Network-based, advanced traveler information systems information for alternate routes and modes - Remotely operated or automated barrier and marking systems, improving WZ flexibility and safety Technologies 16.
From page 128...
... D-62 Even so, this is open to question with the development of new forms of public-private partnerships to supply and operate V2I technology and services. Levels of Automation The private sector is introducing AVs at various levels of automation in the form of onboardonly automation that relate to safety and mobility and are based on geolocation, sensing and wireless communication and automatic control features.
From page 129...
... D-63 functional. These include applications in conditions related to mixed traffic, weather, nighttime driving, facility type, roadside technology, and pavement delineation.
From page 130...
... D-64 Source: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology n.d. Figure D-1.
From page 131...
... D-65 Market Penetration Looking to the future from the perspective of today, there are two general approaches being taken by OEMs in the AV development arena. The dominant approach is an incremental provision of technology that adds increasing levels of safety and mobility support for vehicles operating in mixed traffic (i.e., traffic comprising vehicles with and without these functionalities)
From page 132...
... D-66 C/AV discipline, as well as the nature and extent of those impacts. The table and this section are organized by the four categories of innovation: • Materials – new approaches to pavement delineation, signs and signal technology tailored to the demands of AVs.
From page 133...
... D-67 Table D-6. Impact of C/AV Functions on the PMR of Other Disciplines.
From page 134...
... D-68 Tools A wide range of new system capabilities is being brought forward by advances in performancerelated data collection and analysis and the utilization of such big data systems to improve both performance and asset management. Customer Experience Management (CXM)
From page 135...
... D-69 including field devices, communications and TMC systems' technical descriptions, specifications, and locations. Connected Vehicle Applications to Supply Real-time Conditions Information The V2I component of CVs provides vehicle probe-based information regarding conditions and performance to central systems based on a wide range of vehicle sensors.
From page 136...
... D-70 Outputs also can support corridor or region-level traffic management strategies such as active traffic management and integrated corridor management, or specific vehicle operating directives (I2V) that enable applications dependent on vehicle cooperation.
From page 137...
... D-71 Predictive-Proactive Maintenance Regime for Roadway Assets This regime incorporates both asset criticality and failure consequences to develop optimal asset management strategies. • Roadway feature readability – Certain AV positioning functionalities depend on high quality, nationwide consistent and dependable features, such as pavement delineation and signage, that may be used by AV detection systems to provide for both lateral and longitudinal positioning and guidance.
From page 138...
... D-72 Outsourcing and Privatization of PMR Outsourcing and privatization represent methods by which agencies can augment staff or organizational capabilities using contractual relationships with private technology or service suppliers. • Augmenting agency staff – Given the substantial high-technology content of C/AV as well as the high rate of evolution in technology, agencies need to access professional capacity appropriate to the development, operation and maintenance of C/AV-related infrastructure.
From page 139...
... D-73 around a blind curve can have a profound impact on safe operation. The point in both cases is to provide the basis for improved awareness and dialogue among researchers in the two communities who are at the frontiers of their respective disciplines.
From page 140...
... D-74 essential to fostering innovation generally within the agency and to advancing specific innovations. Both agency leadership and practitioners of C/AV discipline play a significant role in advancing any innovation along the pathway of implementation.
From page 141...
... D-75 Table D-7. Implications of Emerging Practices for C/AV PMR Activities.
From page 142...
... D-76 Emerging PMR Practice C/AV Preservation / Maintenance Applications C/AV Renewal Applications to provide real-time monitoring as an input into asset management systems - Improved accuracy and dissemination of traveler information services - V2I connected (optimized and automated) maintenance fleets (e.g., snow plows)
From page 143...
... D-77 D6. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION This chapter examines the Information Technology (IT)
From page 144...
... D-78 be at a minimum plausible, and to some extent inevitable, is the notion that the required IT infrastructure components to support their implementation and application will be technologically feasible and available. Therefore, while this chapter touches on the implications of PMR innovations on several traditional components of IT (e.g.
From page 145...
... D-79 of data produced by and available to transportation agencies for the purposes of carrying out PMR activities will require new forms of strategic planning, management, and stewardship especially with respect to where data is stored, how much of it needs to be copied and moved around, where data analytics happen and how software applications leverage data provisioning concepts (such as DaaS or its variants as they evolve) to access, analyze data and generate the required business results.
From page 146...
... D-80 procedures and operations will need to be designed if agencies choose some operating model where autonomous robotic devices are hired to perform a specific task (e.g. bridge inspection)
From page 147...
... D-81 identifies for all 16 innovations one or more essential relationships to data or significant data implications. The table is not exhaustive and is meant to provide a broad picture of the types and extent of data implications among the innovations.
From page 148...
... D-82 engaging with citizens on how they can use department data and enabling employees to better leverage data in-house" (Moore 2015)
From page 149...
... D-83 the data strategy will be discussed in the following section: Data Sources, Acquisition and Data Uses. This component of data strategy deals with identifying the data source, understanding the data use cases and acquiring data.
From page 150...
... D-84 In developing a data strategy an agency must take into consideration the approach it will use to acquire different datasets. Whether an agency chooses to invest in collecting and storing the data itself using its data collection equipment, procure vendor services to collect data (e.g.
From page 151...
... D-85 Elements to Support a Data Strategy Executing a data strategy relies upon having three supporting elements in place: 1) data management / data governance practices; 2)
From page 152...
... D-86 Anchoring and formalizing an approach to data governance is a data architecture. A data architecture documents the applied standards, policies, and processes -- effectively providing a "collection of blueprints designed to standardize how data is sourced, integrated, and consumed across the enterprise and aligned with the business strategy" (PwC 2015)
From page 153...
... D-87 Analytic Capabilities – Acquisition and Management The third element of an enterprise data strategy is a plan and means to acquire and manage the necessary analytic and IT support capabilities within an agency workforce, access them via other partner agencies such as a state department of IT, or obtain them from the private sector via outsourcing. The identified innovations will demand significant capabilities not currently a part of a typical highway agency workforce.
From page 154...
... D-88 digitization is occurring all around us. The first step is to put in place a well-defined set of business objectives around data and information.
From page 155...
... D-89 strategic actions to cultivate, advance, and apply innovation within the agency, unit, or discipline. Detailed guidance on the innovation implementation pathway, including capability assessment tools and related frameworks to develop high-level action plans, is provided in two companion products of this research: Leadership's Guide to Emerging Highway Preservation, Maintenance and Renewal Practices and A Practitioner's Guide to Highway Preservation, Maintenance and Renewal Practices.
From page 156...
... D-90 Table D-9. Implications of Innovations in Information Technology and Data Used for PMR Activities.
From page 157...
... D-91 Emerging PMR Practice Relationship to Data or Data Sources / Data Uses and Management Implications 10. The "Internet of Things" (IoT)
From page 158...
... D-92 D7. MAINTENANCE AND CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION This chapter examines maintenance and construction equipment in the context of the research's identified emerging PMR practices affecting future preservation, maintenance, and renewal activities.
From page 159...
... D-93 • Renewal requiring earthwork including clearing and grubbing, removal of structures and obstructions, excavation and embankment, subgrade preparation, erosion and sediment control, salvaging, and placing of topsoil/soil amendments. • Bridge maintenance including sealing or replacing deck joints, sealing concrete, cathodic protection and other structural treatments, painting steel, facilitating drainage, removing debris, protecting against scour, washing, cleaning, and lubricating.
From page 160...
... D-94 automated. Risks associated with personal worker safety, efficient use of resources and extent of disruption, and quality outcomes will be minimized or eliminated.
From page 161...
... D-95 As a first step, remotely operated heavy equipment is now becoming available (e.g. bulldozers and loaders)
From page 162...
... D-96 of heavy hand-held equipment by transferring its load to the ground through a wearable frame (Esko Bionics 2016)
From page 163...
... D-97 Specifically for construction and maintenance equipment, future remote sensing systems will provide highway agencies with improved predictive, detection, and sensing capabilities of roadway conditions in real-time, and accordingly, ability to plan and manage the logistics of equipment deployment in PMR activities. Furthermore, remote sensing systems will help orchestrate optimal PMR activity execution by augmenting other sources of activity data enabled through innovations like enhanced connectivity and the IoT with complete situational awareness.
From page 164...
... D-98 which governs the use of heavy construction equipment through software and 3D construction drawing data. Manual, labor-intensive, and error-prone steps would be eliminated.
From page 165...
... D-99 in the contracting community. Public agency staff responsibilities will continue to evolve more to program oversight, contract performance monitoring, and require the development of new approaches to procurement and contract management.
From page 166...
... D-100 Table D-10. Implications of Innovations in Maintenance and Construction Equipment and PMR Activities.
From page 167...
... D-101 Emerging PMR Practice Maintenance and Construction Equipment Preservation / Maintenance Applications Maintenance and Construction Equipment Renewal Applications reducing associated environmental impacts and operational costs 12. Advanced TSM&O Device and Communications Systems Maintenance - Enables use of drone-based evaluation and maintenance of field devices - Enables use of drone-based replacement of field devices 13.
From page 168...
... D-102 TOWARD IMPLEMENTATION A vast majority of the 16 short-listed innovations are responsive to the improved effectiveness of maintenance and construction equipment to enable future PMR activities of highway infrastructure assets. Innovations in technology will dramatically advance equipment itself.
From page 169...
... D-103 As discussed earlier, and in general, there are a multitude of challenges, related to institutional, technical, external and other factors, that must be understood and addressed to ensure successful operationalization of innovations in maintenance and construction equipment discipline. In addition, the agencies need to assess their capabilities to foster and advance innovations, recognize gaps, and develop strategies to overcome them.

Key Terms



This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More information on Chapter Skim is available.