Developing a Research Agenda for Solar Geoengineering Strategies Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief (2020) / Chapter Skim
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Developing a Research Agenda for Solar Geoengineering Strategies: Proceedings of a Workshop - in Brief
Developing a Research Agenda for Solar Geoengineering Strategies: Proceedings of a Workshop - in Brief
Pages 1-14
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Rasch noted that much of the SG modeling research thus far has emphasized idealized scenarios, 1 The participants of this workshop and the referenced literature use many different terms when referring to climate intervention strategies that reflect sunlight to cool Earth, including solar geoengineering, solar climate intervention, or climate engineering. For the sake of consistency, this Proceedings of a Workshop -- in Brief will refer to these activities as solar geoengineering.
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Cirrus Cloud Thinning (CCT) -- The intentional introduction of aerosols into the atmosphere that act as ice nuclei, suppressing cirrus cloud formation and their subsequent heat trapping capacity.
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Geoengineering Large Ensemble Project (GLENS) b -- This modeling activity examines climate impacts in stratospheric aerosol injection geoengineering simulations in which the global mean surface temperature, as well as the interhemispheric and equator-to-pole surface temperature gradients, are maintained at 2020 values under a RCP8.5c greenhouse gas scenario.
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Lohmann explained further that practical deployment of CCT would be extremely challenging, because it requires targeting cirrus clouds that are about to form and then seeding them with suitable ice nucleating particles (INPs) so that the clouds might have fewer but larger ice crystals.
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In studying MCB, McComiskey stated that better integration of observations with modeling efforts would help to address the limitations of current models. General circulation models cannot simulate many processes that need to be resolved and better understood (e.g., cloud liquid water path and radiative responses to aerosol)
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The basic concept behind MCB is that adding submicron-sized salt particles to a low cloud over the ocean results in an increase in droplet number and a decrease in cloud droplet size, which drives a higher albedo assuming that the amount of cloud liquid water in the cloud remains fixed. The method proposed by the MCB Project uses sea salt, which is environmentally benign.
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Platnick concluded by stating that for cirrus clouds, challenges in imager observations of optical thickness and effective particle size include an inherent sensitivity to ice particle habit/scattering assumptions. The lidar ratio is a significant error source for optical thickness from backscatter lidars that are unable to measure cirrus layer extinction directly (e.g., majority 7
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Modeling studies suggest that many locations would have extreme drying at SG implementation and termination.14 • Is it technically feasible to create a stratospheric aerosol cloud with the desired properties and inject it into the stratosphere? Would direct emission of H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)
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SESSION 4: RESEARCH QUESTIONS FOR SOLAR CLIMATE INTERVENTION: ENGINEERING AND IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES In the fourth session the presenters were asked to address engineering and design issues related to SG. These ranged from questions regarding technological feasibility and estimates of cost to considerations of moral hazard.
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The current understanding, based on assumptions that require further research and validation, Garner explained, is that a modest increase (5-7%) in the reflectivity of 15-25% of marine clouds representing about 3-5% of the ocean's surface could be enough to significantly reduce global temperatures and possibly even offset anthropogenic climate forcing.18,19 This would require ~1,500 ships,20 each spraying about 1015-1016 droplets per second.21 These are rough estimates, and the MCB Project has proposed small-scale experiments at sea coupled with modeling to improve them.
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SESSION 5: SOCIAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVES ON SOLAR CLIMATE INTERVENTION RESEARCH, INCLUDING PUBLIC PERCEPTION, PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT, AND APPROACHES TO RISK AND UNCERTAINTY In the final session of the workshop, the presenters described the existing social science studies accompanying SG research and the directions they think studies on public perception, engagement, and framings could go moving forward. There are few investments in social science related to SG, and much of the funding is private rather than public.
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2013. Deliberating Stratospheric Aerosols for Climate Geoengineering and the SPICE Project.
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2010. Science Overlay Maps: A New Tool for Research Policy and Library Management.
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Committee on Developing a Research Agenda and Research Governance Approaches for Climate Intervention Strategies that Reflect Sunlight to Cool Earth: CHRISTOPHER B
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