Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation Exploring New Evidence: Proceedings of a Workshop (2020) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
8 Maternal Nutrient Intake and Early-Life Programming
8 Maternal Nutrient Intake and Early-Life Programming
Pages 107-118
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 107... ...
THE ROLE OF THE PLACENTA IN DELIVERING NUTRIENTS AND IN DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING "I firmly believe the placenta is the director of pregnancy. It's in charge," said Leslie Myatt, professor of obstetrics and gynecology, director of perinatal research, and Endowed Professor in the Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition & Wellness at the Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, to set the stage for his remarks.
|
From page 108... ...
Myatt remarked that there can be differential effects to the same insult, and that male fetuses tend to be more severely affected than female fetuses. Differences in the type and level of nutrition, physical factors, environmental contaminants, and other factors affect fetal growth, development, and programming.
|
From page 109... ...
These mechanisms appear to include altering regulatory signals and promoting epigenetic changes. Sexual Dimorphism in Fetal Outcomes "It's good to be a girl in utero … conversely it's not so good to be a boy in utero," said Myatt to preface his discussion of sexual dimorphism in fetal outcomes.
|
From page 110... ...
Rates of adverse outcomes -- including preterm births, placenta previa, preeclampsia, lagging lung development, macrosomia, and late stillbirths -- are higher among pregnancies with male fetuses. Male fetuses also appear to affect maternal beta-cell function, increasing risk of gestational diabetes.
|
From page 111... ...
37–52. ing the Dutch Hunger Winter.1 The tricarboxylic acid cycle is affected by various nutritional factors, and the resulting epigenetic changes can have implications for placental gene expression, placental function, and developmental programming (see Figure 8-1)
|
From page 112... ...
Oxidative Stress Pregnancy is a state of elevated oxidative stress, with the placenta being a major source of reactive oxygen species. Pathological pregnancies, such as those with obesity and gestational diabetes, further increase placental oxidative stress and can deplete antioxidant defenses, often in a sexually dimorphic manner.
|
From page 113... ...
and arachidonic acid are two key fatty acids that are essential for brain development, particularly as the brain undergoes dramatic growth in the third trimester of pregnancy and in early childhood. Male infants of women supplemented with these brain-specific fatty acids during pregnancy had increased brain size (Ogundipe et al., 2018)
|
From page 114... ...
Taking a more global view, she thought that current dietary patterns are not sustainable and locally and regionally grown nutritious food should be made more available. She also believed a clear next step would be to improve maternal diets, thereby improving breast milk composition.
|
From page 115... ...
From his perspective, Goran thought oligosaccharides were not ready for clinical applications yet. The existing clinical trials on oligosaccharides have limitations, including study design and short durations, he indicated.
|
From page 116... ...
Myatt explained that blood flow in the placental intervillious space begins at about 12 weeks gestation and increases over the course of pregnancy. He noted both the fetus and the surface area of the placenta undergo exponential growth during the third trimester.
|
From page 117... ...
Dietary Quality and Components With respect to comments made earlier in the workshop, a webcast audience member asked about the relationship between fiber and the microbiome. Indicating fiber serves a beneficial role, Aagaard stated that to her knowledge there are no pregnancy-specific recommendations for fiber intake related to supporting the microbiome.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.