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6 Case Study: Los Angeles
Pages 50-60

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From page 50...
... She also discussed LADWP's shorter term challenges and efforts on Clean Grid LA to replace 1,660 megawatts of Los Angeles's in-basin, once-through cooling, natural gas-fired generating units by 2030 with clean energy alternatives, upgrades to transmission, and distributed energy resources to meet local capacity and resiliency needs. As LADWP approaches these goals, many modeling questions have arisen, such as: How will the city ensure affordability and equity?
From page 51...
... LADWP is the largest publicly owned utility company in the nation, and has supplied Los Angeles with water and power for more than 100 years. It is a vertically integrated utility that encompasses generation, transmission, and distribution with a varied resource stack that includes natural gas, hydroelectric, coal, nuclear, and renewable energy sources, 50 percent of which is zero-emission.
From page 52...
... "Our resource planning is really evolving in that we traditionally looked at one-way power flows," Lim said. "Now, we have evolved to looking at two-way power flows, where energy storage serves as both load as well as a resource." Similar to the IRP process, LADWP has taken a holistic, systemslevel approach in its DRP process, with an overall goal of leveraging distributed energy resources (DERs)
From page 53...
... JAQUELIN COCHRAN, NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY Cochran manages NREL's Grid Systems group and serves as project manager of the LADWP's 100 percent renewable energy study, known as LA100. LA100's main objective is to identify the pathways and costs Distributed Energy Resources Integration Study  Uncontrolled vs. Managed DER UNCONTROLLED DER MANAGED DER Max Ramp Day (10 May 2030)
From page 54...
... Particular challenges include planning for peak periods that exhaust renewable sources and storage; extended transmission outages due to wildfires or maintenance issues; or days with unusually low solar and wind output. Ensuring reliable power generation in such cases poses trade-offs and requires creative solutions, Cochran noted.
From page 55...
... Transmission Transmission Corridors Corridors Allowed Corridors Corridors Allowed Corridors WECC WECC VRE Penetration Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate FIGURE 6.3  LA100 assessed and compared multiple scenarios to inform a common understanding of options, potential trade-offs, and uncertainties. SOURCE: Courtesy of Jaquelin Cochran, National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
From page 56...
... SOURCE: Courtesy of Jaquelin Cochran, National Renew­ able Energy Laboratory. allowing biofuel generation inside the city, or investing in storage tech nologies that may not yet be economical on a broad scale but could be feasible for bridging the final 5-10 percent gap to achieve 100 percent renewables.
From page 57...
... Study, which aimed to guide LADWP's choices about a mix of resources with less carbon emissions. The study relied on complex modeling to evaluate a host of alternative generation resources, and rank which mix of generating resources was the most efficient, using a net present value (NPV)
From page 58...
... Lim noted that modeling uncertainty requires identifying potential load increases and their implications. Also, renewable resources can be intermittent, and achieving 100 percent will require more robust models that can include weather variability.
From page 59...
... Another participant asked if going down certain paths reduces future flexibility or increases future costs. Kerr answered that Los Angeles was faced with that question when the Barren Ridge Renewable Transmission Corridor was first proposed.


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