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Session 1: What Do We Know?
Pages 13-30

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From page 13...
... Dr. Claverie discussed the potential for permafrost thaw and changes to the active layer to enable the return of anthrax outbreaks, traces of smallpox virus, and other pathogens from people and materials buried in the permafrost (Theves et al., 2014)
From page 14...
... He also suggested that research on pathogenic permafrost microbes including protozoa is important to move forward, yet it can be extremely difficult to export potentially infectious samples out of the region. This highlights the importance of international research partnerships.
From page 15...
... As noted, these traditional practices occur within the context of intensive industrial development (Figure 7; Degteva and Nellemann, 2013)
From page 16...
... Volkovitskiy, there is unsupported blame placed on the indigenous people in the region for the anthrax outbreak coupled with resistance within the herding community to vaccinate themselves and the reindeer. Panel on Ecosystem Changes and Microbial Threats in the Environment Dr.
From page 17...
... Emily Jenkins, University of Saskatchewan, discussed microbial threats at the interface of humans, animals, and the Arctic environment. She approached her remarks through the context of microbial risk assessment, including hazard identification, hazard characterization (or pathogenicity)
From page 18...
... In Saskatchewan, chronic wasting disease-infected deer are located at the fringes of the boreal caribou habitat (Figure 9) , and this can be a serious challenge from a food security perspective for subsistence populations.
From page 19...
... , and the probability of transmission (including host specificity, transmission routes, and minimum infectious doses)
From page 20...
... Interactions between underlying drivers can be examined in the context of potential scenarios and subsequently into the development of public health actions to intervene against the public health threats. The study identified three main categories of drivers of epidemic events in Europe: globalization and environmental change, social and demographic change, and public health systems.
From page 21...
... As part of the quantification study, threat data and information on drivers between July 2008 and December 2013 were derived from ECDC databases and reports including a Threat Tracking Tool, Communicable Disease Threat Report, Threat Assessment, and Rapid Risk Assessment as well as mission reports, scientific articles, and expert consultation (Semenza et al., 2016)
From page 22...
... In 2017, there was an outbreak of Chikungunya in France and Italy. Information on global air passenger volume was used to analyze risk zones, assess importation risk and transmission potential, as well as track the local spread using unidirectional mobility of geo-located, repeated Twitter feeds (Rocklöv et al., 2019)
From page 23...
... During the panel discussion, Dr. Natalia Pshenichnaya, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow, Russia, noted that climate change and associated increasing air and water temperature trends are taking place throughout Russia and the circumpolar Arctic region.
From page 24...
... These include the occurrence and expansion of ozone holes, increased air pollution, the emergence of new species of flora, increasing duration of high temperatures, and the increasing number of heat waves. These factors could lead to additional impacts such as increased allergies, reduction of innate immunity, and stress that may increase susceptibility to infectious diseases of the respiratory tract.
From page 25...
... in Russia produces these types of maps of infectious disease hosts and vectors using a variety of techniques. For example, detailed maps can be produced that show areas at risk for tick-borne encephalitis throughout Russia including distribution of potential vectors.
From page 26...
... Butler noted the increased air temperatures in Alaska associated with climate warming and specifically highlighted the expanded range of Ixodes scapularis and I pacificus in the United States (Eisen et al., 2016)
From page 27...
... Dr. Butler also noted the increasing impact of tourism in these remote areas, and shared information about a Health Impact Assessment for the State of Alaska.5 Dr.
From page 28...
... Dr. Bower illustrated the potential risk of anthrax in the Arctic region based on ecological niche modeling.
From page 29...
... Examples of effective local capacity include the ability to detect and diagnose potential cases, and capacity at the regional level may consist of providing surge capacity to support outbreak response and confirmatory diagnostic testing. At the national level, an example of effective capacity is the formulation of policies to encourage a One Health approach.


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