Understanding and Responding to Global Health Security Risks from Microbial Threats in the Arctic Proceedings of a Workshop (2020) / Chapter Skim
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Session 2: What Do We Need to Know?
Session 2: What Do We Need to Know?
Pages 31-40
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From page 31... ...
Wildlife Health Surveillance The purpose of surveillance, as outlined by Dr. Craig Stephen, Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, is to provide timely intelligence on the health of the population and to inform effective responses to emerging and ongoing issues.
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From page 32... ...
Stephen shared special considerations for threat detection surveillance. He noted that a reliable surveillance system could help provide strategic early warning in the context of scenario planning (Fink et al., 2020)
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From page 33... ...
Objectives of a human health surveillance system may include estimates of the magnitude of the health problem in at-risk populations, determination of disease trends, detection of outbreaks, control strategy evaluation, development of hypotheses on etiology and risk factors, detection of changes in isolation and health practices, information on microbiological evolution, and obligations to international entities (e.g., European Commission and the World Health Organization)
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From page 34... ...
Ms. Müller ended her presentation by reiterating some of the ongoing challenges in human health surveillance such as ensuring that data are collected for action, prioritizing diseases to monitor, detecting unexpected diseases, comparing surveillance data in humans with food and animals using a One Health approach, and harmonizing surveillance data across national borders.
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From page 35... ...
She noted that several researchers, collectively known as the Permafrost Microbiome Network, are working on a database to collect, curate, and reanalyze sequencing datasets to understand microbial communities in changing permafrost landscapes.
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From page 36... ...
Understanding what factors contribute to composition of microbial communities after permafrost thaw may be helpful in predicting pathogen risks. In the microbiome following permafrost thaw, there are still several unanswered questions.
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From page 37... ...
Discussion on Biosafety and Biosecurity Risks Following breakout group discussions, participants shared ideas and opportunities related to laboratory procedures, biocontainment and engineering controls, as well as risk assessments and impacts on indigenous and local communities. Laboratory Procedures and Levels of Risk The first group specifically considered laboratory procedures and techniques that would be helpful when working with permafrost samples.
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From page 38... ...
There are opportunities for increased international data sharing and dissemination, especially with new technologies and citizen science approaches, though biosafety and biosecurity2 concerns will still need to be taken into consideration. International frameworks, codes of ethics, or best practices may be used to ensure affected communities are kept informed and to ensure that sovereignty concerns are addressed.
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From page 39... ...
There was some discussion about pathogens in human remains versus plant and animal matter, and the group noted that there are more plant and animal materials in the permafrost versus human remains; approximately 75 percent of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic. Effective risk assessments begin with an understanding of whose risk is being assessed and for what purpose.
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