Third Rail Insulator Failures: Current State of the Practice (2020) / Chapter Skim
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4 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction Rail networks have been critical components of transportation systems and the economy for more than 150 years everywhere in the world, particularly in urban areas (Hill 1997)
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Literature Review 5 (Vohra 2004)
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6 Third Rail Insulator Failures: Current State of the Practice urban railroads, but many new third rail systems have been established all around the world, including in many advanced countries such as China, Denmark, and Taiwan. 2.3 Third Rail Arrangement Third rails consist of running rails, insulators, protection boards, protection board brackets, and shoe contacts.
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Literature Review 7 placed on the sleeper ends outside the running rails, but in some systems a central conductor rail is used. 2.3.2 Insulators Insulators are made of three components: fiber-reinforced plastic, metal end fittings, and silicone rubber (Gorur et al.
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8 Third Rail Insulator Failures: Current State of the Practice life. The second type, aluminum, is bonded by bolts to a steel rail conductor, and is also widely used in the United States.
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Literature Review 9 lightning can disable the power. It is, therefore, important to find ways to control the effects of the weather.
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10 Third Rail Insulator Failures: Current State of the Practice to check whether the brackets are located on the timber ties, accurately gaged, exposed on the tie, bolted by screws, and installed correctly on the running rail (Vohra 2004)
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Literature Review 11 to determine the factors that affect safety, and the workers, inspectors, and the public need to be trained in and updated on safety regulations and standards. Documentation of the important practices after failures is important for future reference.
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