Entrained Air-Void Systems for Durable Highway Concrete (2021) / Chapter Skim
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3 Background Laboratory testing and field experience have shown that highway concrete must be properly air entrained to resist the action of F-T in cold and wet climates (ACI Committee 201, 2016)
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4 Entrained Air-Void Systems for Durable Highway Concrete With proper curing, concrete containing blended cement, slag, or fly ash is reported to have enhanced long-term strength and durability characteristics, partly because such concrete generally has a more refined capillary pore system (Pigeon and Pleau 1995, ACAA 2003)
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Background 5 Powers (1955) recognized that this product determines the properties of cement paste.
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6 Entrained Air-Void Systems for Durable Highway Concrete of ice bodies. Based on the former function, the space between air voids (sometimes expressed as the spacing factor)
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Background 7 of reducing the degree of saturation of the system at any given time. Unsaturated bubbles provide a space into which expanding water and ice can move without incurring pressures within the hydrated cement paste.
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8 Entrained Air-Void Systems for Durable Highway Concrete capillary action due to the nature of surface tension forces; however, external pressures in the pore system may drive fluids into an air void. The extent of damage is significantly influenced by the fluid transport characteristics of the system, as well as the size, shape, and connectivity of the pores.
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Background 9 The most commonly tested parameters for expressing the characteristics of an air-void system in hardened concrete are total volume of air, specific surface, and spacing factor. Conventionally, the average chord length of voids is used to calculate the specific surface and spacing factor.
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10 Entrained Air-Void Systems for Durable Highway Concrete quickly, but these conditions yield poor correlation with field conditions (Jacobsen et al. 1997, Ferreira 2004, Tang and Petersson 2004, Penttala 2006, Valenza II and Scherer 2007)
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