Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy—2025-2035 (2021) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 10-19
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From page 10... ...
Of course, other factors will also determine fuel economy improvements in this next era through 2035, including the development of connected, autonomous, and shared vehicles; other regulatory programs at the international, national, state, and local levels; and consumer response to new vehicle technologies. This introductory chapter begins with a brief summary of the status of fuel consumption, energy efficiency, and GHG emissions of LDVs on U.S.
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From page 11... ...
government began requiring minimum fuel economy standards for passenger vehicles in 1978.1 To meet these standards, automakers implemented technologies for fuel economy, ranging from engine and transmission improvements to vehicle design and lightweighting. The opportunities and costs of technologies for fuel economy to be implemented in the 2025–2035 vehicle fleet are the primary subject of this study, requested by the U.S.
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From page 12... ...
On the horizon, vehicle and travel system advances may include significant to total vehicle automation and connectivity, vehicle sharing in addition to personal vehicle ownership, improvements in cost and capabilities of electric vehicles and their infrastructures (including both battery and fuel cell vehicles) , and implementation of low-carbon fuels.
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From page 13... ...
. As the market for vehicle models and technologies is becoming increasingly globalized, automaker design decisions are responding to this global marketplace as well as national and regional environmental, health, and safety regulations.2 The combination of new types of vehicles, new models of vehicle ownership, and increasing globalization of the vehicle manufacturing industry driven by regulatory and market developments in several major markets around the world portend highly disruptive changes in the automobile industry over the next couple decades.
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From page 14... ...
The above metrics expand the current definition of miles per gallon of • Incorporates vehicle population, life cycle Total LDV system energy use energy, VMT, and vehicle occupancy along with other efficiency measures LDV energy use in full vehicle life • Incorporates energy use in manufacture cycle and end of life LDV energy use per vehicle during • Incorporates VMT operation • Incorporates vehicle occupancy in LDV energy use per passenger mile efficiency measure LDV full-fuel-cycle energy use per • Incorporates full-fuel-cycle emissions mile (well-to-wheels) • Measures vehicle efficiency at moving people or goods over a distance LDV onboard energy use per mile • Individual vehicle tested or monitored for per-mile efficiency of onboard energy use FIGURE 1.3 LDV system energy use can be measured as a per-vehicle, per-mile efficiency rate, or as total energy used per vehicle, or as total system energy use.
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From page 15... ...
In 2025–2035, as the system boundary expands, it is likely that a wider variety of metrics will be relevant, including fuel consumption and related energy and GHG emissions per mile; total vehicle energy consumption or GHG emissions per year or lifetime; and total system energy consumption or GHG emissions per year or lifetime. This report will further discuss the appropriate vehicle energy system metrics in a later chapter, and report on vehicle efficiency using per mile metrics.
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From page 16... ...
1.5 STATEMENT OF TASK This report is organized to introduce the emissions, energy, and fuel consumption aspects of the LDV vehicle fleet today and into the future (Chapters 2 and 3) ; discuss vehicle technology packages likely to be prevalent in the model year 2025–2035 new vehicles; and discuss technology fuel consumption and costs (Chapters 4–10)
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From page 17... ...
The pandemic's long-term impact on automaker investment, vehicle technology development, and consumer demand and vehicle use is uncertain, but it could influence the energy efficiency, petroleum use, and emissions for individual vehicles as well as the overall transportation system.
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5. Assess how shifts in personal transportation and vehicle ownership models might evolve out to 2035, how these changes could impact fuel economy-related vehicle technologies and operation, and how these changes might impact vehicle scrappage and vehicle miles traveled.
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From page 19... ...
2019a. "Global Car Market Remains Stable During 2018, as Continuous Demand for SUVs Offsets Decline in Sales of Compact Cars and MPVs." February 21.
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